BYZANTINE EMPIRE

I. SETTING THE STAGE A. REBUILDING BYZANTIUM 1. CAPITAL MOVED TO BYZANTIUM 2. LOCATION - BOSPHORUS STRAITS

BOSPORUS STRAITS

…REBUILDING 3. ABLE TO RESPOND TO GERMAN INVASIONS 4. CLOSER TO RICH EASTERN PROVINCES 5. RENAMED CONSTANTINOPLE

…SETTING 6. PROTECTED WESTERN EUROPE FROM ISLAMIC INVASION

II. A NEW ROME A. JUSTINIAN 1. CONSTANTINE'S SUCCESSOR a) JUSTINIAN

JUSTINIAN

…JUSTINIAN b) BYZANTINE NOBLEMAN c) TOOK PLACE OF UNCLE

2. RECOVERING THE EMPIRE a) NORTH AFRICA FROM GERMANIC TRIBES (VANDALS) b) ROME FROM THE OSTROGOTHS C) CONQUERED ITALY & SPAIN

…EMPIRE d) RULED ALMOST ALL OF OLD ROMAN EMPIRE (EXCEPT GAUL)

Justinian's Empire

B. THE USE OF ABSOLUTE POWER 1. HEAD OF STATE AND CHURCH 2. APPOINTED STATE AND CHURCH OFFICIALS 3. LIVED UNDER CONSTANT THREAT OF DEATH

III. LIFE IN THE NEW ROME A. INTRODUCTION 1. BYZANTINE CHARACTER a) SHARED ROMAN TRADITIONS

…CHARACTER b) MOST PEOPLE SPOKE GREEK c) BELONGED TO EASTERN CHURCH (EASTERN/GREEK ORTHODOX CHURCH)

2. CREATING UNIFORM LAW CODE a) EXPERTS TO REWRITE LAW b) LAWS WERE OUTDATED c) LAWS WERE CONTRADICTORY d) CREATED UNIFORM CODE JUSTINIAN CODE

3. PARTS OF JUSTINIAN'S CODE a) CODE - 5000 OLD ROMAN LAWS b) DIGEST - SUMMARY OF OPINIONS OF EXPERTS ON ROMAN LAW

…CODE C) INSTITUTE – TEXTBOOK ON HOW LAWS WERE TO BE USED d) NOVELLAE - NEW LAWS FOR BYZANTINE EMPIRE e) INFLUENCED LATER WESTERN EUROPEAN LEGAL CODES

4. AREAS OF CODE a) MARRIAGE b) SLAVERY c) PROPERTY & INHERITANCE d) WOMEN’S RIGHTS e) CRIMINAL JUSTICE

CODE OF JUSTINIAN

for such offspring, born of bondwoman and freeman, shall be left in their present state, and the offspring procreated from such connection shall be of bond status. But if any one were born either of a slave and a bondwoman or of a female slave and a bondman, he should follow the condition of his mother and be of such condition as she was, either slave or bondwoman;which

B. IMPERIAL CAPITOL 1. FORTIFICATIONS a) 14 MILE WALL ON COAST b) MOAT AND 3 WALLS LAND SIDE c) MASSIVE FORTIFICATIONS INSIDE WALL 25 FT. THICK 70 FT TOWERS

2. HAGIA SOPHIA b) MOST SPLENDID CHURCH IN CHRISTENDOM a) REBUILT CHURCH b) MOST SPLENDID CHURCH IN CHRISTENDOM c) INCORPORATED DOME ON RECTANGLE ARCHITECTURE

3. ARCHITECTURE a) INSPIRED BY CHRISTIAN RELIGION b) MOSAICS USED IN PUBLIC AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS

4. OTHER BUILDING PROJECTS a) PALACE b) BATHS c) AQUEDUCTS d) COURTS e) SCHOOLS f) HOSPITALS

5. PRESERVING GRECO-ROMAN CULTURE a) SCHOOLS (1) MONASTIC (CHURCH) (2) PUBLIC (GOV. OFFICIALS (3) PRIVATE TUTORS

6. CURRICULUM a) GREEK & LATIN GRAMMAR b) PHILOSOPHY c) GREEK & ROMAN LITERATURE

…EDUCATION d) GEOMETRY e) MEDICINE

7. EFFECTS OF EDUCATION a. PRESERVED GREEK AND ROMAN CULTURE

C. CONSTANTINOPLE 1. MARKET PLACE a. MAIN STREET THROUGH CITY b. LINED WITH MERCHANTS STALLS

…CONSTANTINOPLE c) GOODS FROM… (1) ASIA, (2) EUROPE, (3) AFRICA

SILK

…GOODS d) BECAME CROSSROADS FOR TRADE FROM ALL CONTINENTS

2. ENTERTAINMENT a) HIPPODROME (1) CHARIOT RACES (2) PERFORMANCE (CIRCUS) ACTS

3. THEODORA a) BACKGROUND (1) FROM POOR BACKGROUND (2) WORKED AS ACTRESS (3) MARRIED JUSTINIAN

EMPRESS THEODORA

b. AS EMPRESS (1) MET WITH FOREIGN OFFICIALS (2) PASSED LAWS (3) BUILT CHURCHES

IV. THE EMPIRE FALLS A. MYSTERIOUS PLAGUE 1. RESEMBLED BUBONIC PLAGUE 2. CAME FROM INDIA 3. UP TO 10,000 DEAD PER DAY 4. DECREASED POPULATION

B. ATTACKS FROM EAST AND WEST 1. WEST - LOMBARDS 2. NORTH - AVARS, SLAVS, BULGARS 3. EAST - PERSIANS

C. DEFENSES 1. BRIBES, DIPLOMACY, POLITICAL MARRIAGES 2. THEMES a) MILITARY DISTRICTS b) RUN BY GENERAL REPORTING TO EMPEROR

…DEFENSES 3. BORDERS SLOWLY SHRANK 4. BECAME STRIP OF BALKAN PENINSULA & PART OF ANATOLIA PENINSULA 5. FELL TO OTTOMAN TURKS IN 1453

V. THE CHURCH DIVIDES A. CAUSE & EFFECT 1. EAST/WEST BEGAN TO DEVELOP DIFFERENTLY 2. DISTANCE & LACK OF CONTACT

…DIVISION 3. DOCTRINE & RITUALS BECAME DIFFERENT 4. CHURCH SPLIT WEST - ROMAN CATHOLIC EAST - EASTERN/GREEK ORTHODOX

B. SPLIT OF ROME & CONSTANTINOPLE 1. LEADERSHIP OF EASTERN CHURCH a) PATRIARCH - LEADING EASTERN BISHOP b) EMPEROR - CONTROLLED THE PATRIARCH & CHURCH

2. CONTROVERSY a. LEO - BANNED ICONS - VIEWED AS IDOL WORSHIP b. ICONS - RELIGIOUS IMAGES USED IN WORSHIP

3. OPPOSITION TO LEO a) PEOPLE REVOLTED b) CLERGY REBELLED c) POPE - SUPPORTED USE OF ICONS d) EXCOMMUNICATION - OUTCAST FROM CHURCH

ST. JOHN THE EVANGELIST

CHRIST PANTOKRATOR

IVORY CARVING OF CRUCIFIXION

VIRGIN AMYLYNTOS

4. SCHISM (SPLIT) a) SPLIT IN CHURCH OVER CHURCH DOCTRINE b) RESULTED IN PERMANENT DIVISION OF CHURCH

…SCHISM c) WEST - ROMAN CATHOLIC (SPOKE LATIN) d) EAST - EASTERN ORTHODOX/GREEK ORTHODOX (SPOKE GREEK)

C. EASTERN CHURCH 1. CENTERED IN CONSTANTINOPLE 2. PLACED CHURCH CLOSE TO THE EMPEROR 3. USED GREEK IN LITURGY (MASS/SERVICE)

D. WESTERN CHURCH 1. CENTERED IN ROME 2. FAR FROM CENTER OF POWER 3. USED LATIN IN LITURGY 4. POPE BECOMES MOST POWERFUL PERSON IN WESTERN EUROPE (CHRISTENDOM)

E. OTHER DIVISIONS 1. WEST VIEWED POPE AS LEADER OF CHURCH 2. EAST VIEWED PATRIARCH AS LEADER OF CHURCH 3. WESTERN CLERGY PRACTICED CELIBACY

F. CONVERTING THE SLAVS 1. MISSIONS TO SLAVS NORTH OF THE BLACK SEA

2. METHODIUS & CYRIL a) WORKED AMONG SLAVS b) CREATED CYRILLIC ALPHABET c) ALLOWED SLAVS TO READ BIBLE

BLACK SEA BOSPORUS STRAITS CONSTANTINOPLE ASIA MINOR GREECE MEDITERRANEAN