Chapter XXVII The New Imperialism 1869-1914

This is typical Student Brain reading History: Ch. 22 Ch. 23 Ch. 24 Ch. 25

This is my Brain reading History Ch. 22 Ch. 24 Ch. 26 Ch. 23 Ch. 25

Chapter 27 Quotes “I would say colonialism is a wonderful thing. It spread civilization to Africa. Before it, they had no written language, no wheel as we know it, no schools, no hospitals, not even normal clothing.” Ian Smith “I would say Europe was whacked! They created artificial borders with no understanding of cultural impact, assumed Africans were stupid since they lacked European technology, tried to impose their culture on them, and then finally left, leaving all HELL to break loose! Mr. Whitaker

to follow the Imperial conquest of Africa, How did we get from this… As we continue to follow the Imperial conquest of Africa, How did we get from this… To this? HOW?

And with this continuation of European Imperialism, what were we already looking for? (From Chapter 25) - Describe the development of, & relationship between new states & Secondary Empires in Africa. - Understand the role of Europeans in the decline of the slave trade & the rise of the “legitimate trade” from 1750 to 1870 & beyond!

Now we look for CCOT: Continuity & Change over time (One of AP’s favorite Essay Formats) Remember, we have Europe, Africa, Asia, & South America interacting… BIG AP TARGET! As Imperialism progressed: Continuity – what has remained the same? Change – what has changed?

And of course, How did the “Isms” lead to WWI And of course, How did the “Isms” lead to WWI? Imperialism Nationalism Industrialism Militarism Social Darwinism

Instructional Objectives: - Explain the concepts of “New Imperialism” & colonialism, analyze them in terms of motives, methods, & their place in the development of the world economy & the global environment - Explain the “Scramble for Africa” & use examples to illustrate the process of colonization & reactions to colonization in Africa - Explain the process by which Central & Southeast Asia & the Pacific islands were brought under the domination of Europeans - Understand & analyze the causes & significance of free-trade imperialism in Latin America

The New Imperialism: Motives & Methods Introduction The New Imperialism was a tremendous explosion of territorial conquest in which the imperial powers used economic & technological means to reorganize dependent regions & bring them into the world economy as suppliers of foodstuffs & raw materials & as consumers of European industrial products In Africa & in other parts of the world, this was done by conquest & colonial administration; in Latin America, the same result was attained by indirect means (?)

Political Motives Cultural Motives The desire to gain national prestige (Competition) The actions of colonial governors also led to the acquisition of new colonial possessions. Colonial agents often sent troops to take over neighboring territories first & informed their home governments afterward Cultural Motives The late 19th century Christian revival in Europe & North America included a commitment to converting & “civilizing the heathen.” They also wanted to stop violent customs & abolish slavery Others believed that Europeans & Americans were morally & culturally superior & that their technological prowess was proof of this superiority. Some used racist ideas to justify this superiority & to relegate non-Europeans to a permanent state of inferiority (Social Darwinism)

Cultural cont. Economic Motives Imperialism was attractive to young men who found opportunities for adventure & glory in the Imperialist enterprise. By the 1890s, Imperialism was a popular cause; it was the overseas extension of (Euro) Nationalism Economic Motives Industrialization of Europe/North America stimulated demand for minerals, industrial crops (cotton & rubber), & stimulants (sugar, coffee, tea, & tobacco). Economic depression of the mid-1870s to the mid-1890s gave the industrialized countries an incentive to seek control of the sources of raw materials & the markets for their industrial products (Competition) Entrepreneurs & investors looked to profit from mines, plantations, & railroads in Asia, Africa, & Latin America. To minimize risk, they sought the diplomatic & military support of their governments (Exploitation)

The Tools of the Imperialists The Industrial Revolution provided technological innovations that made it possible for Europeans & Americans to build the New Imperialism Steamships, the Suez Canal, & submarine cables gave European forces greater mobility & better communications than Africans, Asians, or Latin Americans. The discovery that quinine could be used to prevent malaria allowed Europeans to enter Africa in large numbers for the first time! The invention of the breechloader, smokeless powder, & the machine gun widened the firearms gap & made colonial conquests easier than ever before (Militarism)

The New Imperialism: Motives & Methods Colonial Agents & Administration Colonialism: the system of administering & exploiting colonies for the benefit of the home country. In applying modern scientific & industrial methods to their colonies, colonialists started the transformation of Asian & African societies that has continued to this day Colonies were administered with the cooperation of indigenous elites! Colonial administrations used two different types of indigenous elites: traditional rulers & youths trained for “modern” jobs as clerks, nurses, police officers, customs inspectors, etc. European & American women seldom took part in the early stages of colonial conquest. When European & American women did arrive in the colonies, their presence led to increased racial segregation (WHY?)

The Scramble for Africa Egypt The Egyptian khedives carried out a number of expensive modernization projects in the mid-19th century. These projects were financed with high-interest loans from European creditors and they ultimately sold shares of the Suez Canal to Great Britain to lower their debt French & British bankers lobbied their governments to intervene in Egypt to secure their loans. In 1882, the British sent an army into Egypt & established a system of indirect rule that lasted for 70 years! The British worked to develop Egyptian agriculture, especially cotton production, by building a dam across the Nile at Aswan. The economic development of Egypt only benefited a small group of elite landowners & merchants, and it was accompanied by the introduction of western ways that conflicted with the teachings of Islam

Western and Equatorial Africa In West Africa, the French built a railroad from the upper Senegal River to the upper Niger to open the interior to French merchants. In the Congo Basin, King Leopold II of Belgium claimed the area south of the Congo River, while France claimed the area on the northern bank German chancellor Otto van Bismarck called the Berlin Conference on Africa in 1885 & 1886 to lay out the framework under which Africa would be occupied by the European nations. In practice, the division & occupation of Africa met with resistance & required many years of effort In West Africa, the new colonial powers took advantage of & developed the existing trade networks. In equatorial Africa, where there were few inhabitants & little trade, the colonial powers granted concessions to private companies that forced Africans to produce cash crops & to carry them to the nearest navigable river or railroad

Southern Africa Southern Africa had long been attractive to European settlers because of its good pastures & farmland & its mineral wealth. The discovery of diamonds at Kimberley in 1868 attracted European prospectors & Africans; it also set off the process by which the British Cape Colony expanded, annexing Kimberley & defeating the Xhosa & the Zulu Cecil Rhodes used his British South Africa Company to take over land in central Africa, where he created the colonies of Southern Rhodesia & Northern Rhodesia British control over South Africa was consolidated when Britain defeated the Afrikaners in the South African War (1899–1902). In 1910, the European settlers created the Union of South Africa, in which the Afrikaners emerged as the ruling element in a government that assigned Africans to reservations & established a system of racial segregation

Political & Social Consequences Africa at the time of the European invasion contained a variety of societies, which responded differently to the European invasion; some welcomed the Europeans as allies against local enemies, while others resisted European rule Pastoral & warrior states like the Zulu & the Ndebele resisted European invasion, as did some commercial states like the kingdom of Asante & Benin. Ethiopia successfully defended itself against an Italian invasion in 1896! In the face of European invasion, most Africans simply tried to continue living as before, but colonial policies made this difficult. Colonial emphasis on the production of cash crops, the assignment of land to European companies & planters, & the imposition of hut taxes or head taxes proved highly disruptive. The need to pay taxes in cash forced African men to take low-paid jobs & to migrate to the cities & mining camps in search of work

Some African women welcomed colonial rule because it put an end to fighting & slave raiding, but most women benefited less than men did. Women’s property rights were undermined by colonial policies that assigned property rights to the head of the household - that is, to the man Cultural Responses Missionaries were the main conduits by which Africans came into contact with European culture. Missionaries taught both practical skills (crafts & domestic skills) & western ideas. Africans educated in mission schools found that Christian ideals clashed with the reality of colonial exploitation; they began using Christian ideas to critique colonialism Islam continued to spread southward during the colonial period. Colonialism contributed to the diffusion of Islam through the building of cities, increasing trade, & allowing Muslims to settle in new areas

Imperialism in Asia & the Pacific Central Asia Between 1865 & 1876, Russia was able to use modern weapons to advance into Central Asia. The Kazhaks resisted fiercely, but by the end of the 19th century, they were reduced to starvation, their grazing lands fenced off & turned over to Russian farmers South of the Kazhak Steppe, it was fairly easy for Russian expeditions to take over the oases of Muslim populations & their productive cotton-growing land. Russian rule brought few benefits & few changes to the lives of the people of the oases

Southeast Asia & Indonesia Burma, Malaya, Indochina, & northern Sumatra, all independent kingdoms in the first half of the 19th century, were conquered in stages between 1850 & the early 1900s. Only Siam remained independent All these areas had fertile soil, a favorable climate, & a highly developed agriculture. The colonial regimes introduced Chinese & Indian laborers & new crops, increasing agricultural production & providing peace & a reliable food supply that fueled a substantial rise in the population Colonialism contributed to an expansion of the agricultural population, immigration from China & India, & the spread of Islam. Education in European ideas led to the development of nationalism

Hawaii & the Philippines, 1878–1902 By the late 1890s, the U.S. economy was in need of export markets & the political mood favored expansionism. The United States annexed the Hawaiian Islands in 1898 In the Philippines, Emilio Aguinaldo led an uprising against the Spanish in 1898. He might very well have succeeded in establishing a republic if the United States had not purchased the Philippines from Spain at the end of the Spanish-American War In 1899, Aguinaldo rose up against the American occupation. The United States suppressed the insurrection & then tried to soften its rule by introducing public works & economic development projects

Imperialism in Latin America Railroads & the Imperialism of Free Trade The natural resources of the Latin American republics made them targets for a form of economic dependence called “free-trade imperialism” British & U.S. entrepreneurs financed & constructed railroads to exploit the agricultural & mineral wealth of Latin America. Latin American elites encouraged foreign companies with generous concessions because this appeared to be the fastest way both to modernize their countries & to enrich the Latin American property-owning class (You are Screwed!)

American Expansionism Spanish-American War, 1898 The United States had long held interest in Cuba; American businesses had invested in Cuban sugar & tobacco production. When Cubans began a revolution against Spanish rule, the United States ultimately aided the Cubans against Spain After defeating Spain in the Spanish-American War, the United States took over Puerto Rico, while Cuba became an independent republic subject to intense interference by the United States American Intervention in the Caribbean & Central America, 1901–1914 The United States often used military intervention to force the small nations of Central America & the Caribbean to repay loans owed to banks in Europe or the United States. The United States occupied Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Honduras, & Haiti on various occasions during the late 19th & early 20th centuries The United States was particularly forceful in Panama, supporting the Panamanian rebellion against Colombia in 1903 & then building & controlling the Panama Canal

The World Economy & the Global Environment Expansion of the World Economy The Industrial Revolution greatly expanded the demand for spices, silk, agricultural goods, & raw materials in the industrialized countries. The growing need for these products could not be met by traditional methods of production & transportation, so the imperialists brought their colonies into the mainstream of the world market & introduced new technologies The greatest change was in transportation. Canals, steamships, harbor improvements, & railroads cut travel time & lowered freight costs

Transformation of the Global Environment The economic changes brought by Europeans & Americans altered environments around the world. Forests were felled for tea plantations, plant species were identified & classified, & commercially valuable plants were transported from one tropical region to another The expansion of permanent agriculture & the increased use of irrigation & water control led to increased agricultural production in both well-watered & dry areas of the tropics. Agricultural development supported larger populations, but it also put more pressure on the land Railroads consumed vast amounts of land, timber, iron, & coal while opening up previously remote land to development. The demand for gold, iron, & other minerals fueled a mining boom that brought toxic runoff from open mines and slag heaps

Conclusion The imperial powers were driven by many motives: political, religious, economic, & social The scramble for Africa was carried out differently depending upon area & colonizing power but Africans were all changed by the effects Russia & the United States became involved in colonization in Asia & the United States also took part in political events in Latin America in order to protect its interests Imperialism brought heavy European investment of technology, transportation, & urbanization while at the same time threatening native environments