So far, you know what imperialism is and why people engaged in this practice. Now, consider this question: do you think it is morally right for one country to gain control over another? Why or why not? Under what circumstances would it be right or wrong? Warm Up

The Scramble for Africa European Imperialism in Africa

Before European Domination Africa had hundreds of ethnic and language groups Europeans first explored Africa in the 1450s Powerful African armies had kept them out for 400 years

Missionaries begin to explore Late 1860s David Livingstone, a missionary from Scotland, travelled deep into Africa to promote Christianity Decided to explore rather than be a missionary & became an abolitionist Not heard from for years, presumed dead

Livingstone & Stanley American newspaper reporter travelled to Africa to find Livingstone Found him in the Congo - “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” This event created a frenzy in the press and sparked interest in exploring and colonizing Africa

Livingstone’s Significance Paved the way for the Scramble for Africa Inspired explorers and missionaries Inspired abolitionists

The Belgian Congo King Leopold of Belgium hired Stanley to explore the Congo for him in 1876 Leopold said he wanted to end slavery and promote Christianity- privately created a plan to develop the Congo (he did this independently of the Belgian govt.) But – he forced Africans to collect sap from rubber plants

The Belgian Congo Instituted a brutal, violent regime Held women hostage to force the men to work rubber plantations, cut off hands of those who did not deliver their quota (even children) At least 10 million Congolese died as a result Journalists uncovered the atrocities and the Belgian government forced Leopold to turn over the territory to the government in 1908.

1880 – The Scramble Begins Push for expansion comes from businessmen, missionaries and politicians French began to expand from West African coast toward western Sudan Discoveries of diamonds in 1867 and gold in 1886 in South Africa increased European interest in colonizing the continent.

The Berlin Conference To prevent conflict, European nations met at the Berlin Conference in 1884-85 to plan to division of Africa Decision: European countries could claim land in Africa by notifying other nations of its claims and showing it could control the area No African rulers were invited to attend

Berlin Conference Activity Each table group will represent a country at the Berlin Conference You MUST stick to the objective on your task card

Answer the following questions as a group: What similarities do you see between your Berlin Conference and the outcome of the actual conference? Who was not represented at this conference? Why? What challenges did the outcomes of the Berlin Conference create for the indigenous people of Africa? How do you think the outcomes of the conference may affect the African people today?

The Scramble for Africa – Day 2 Continued

Which European power had the most colonies as of 1914 Which European power had the most colonies as of 1914? Which European power had the least colonies as of 1914? Map of the New Africa 1914 Only Ethiopia and Liberia free from European control

Compare the maps: What statements can we make about European Colonization in Africa between 1850 and 1914 based on these maps?

How does this political cartoon represent the Berlin Conference?

Clashes over South Africa South Africa was one of the strongest centralized countries in Africa at this time Dutch (Boers) had settled there and took South Africans’ land to set up farms in the 1600s

South Africa In 1879, Zulus fought off British Despite using spears and shields, they almost won But in July of 1879, they lost the Battle of Ulundi and their kingdom to the British

Boer War Now British, Dutch and South Africans were fighting over the same land In 1899, the Boers (Dutch) fought the British in the Boer War Brutal war: Boers used guerrilla tactics British burned Boer farms and imprisoned women and children in concentration camps – 14,000 died Britain finally won

Averting War Read the document and answer the corresponding questions. You may do this individually or with a partner. To get full points, you must: Write in complete sentences Use evidence when you are asked to Highlight or underline the document (annotations)

Types of Colonies Colony A territory governed internally by a foreign power Somaliland in East Africa (below) Also – the colonies in what eventually became the U.S.

Types of Colonies Protectorate A territory with its own government that is under the control of an outside power

Types of Colonies Sphere of influence Outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

Types of colonies Economic imperialism Less-developed country controlled by private business interests rather than another government

Partner Question Colony Protectorate Sphere of influence 1. What would be the pros and cons of each of these systems, to the people who lived there? Colony Protectorate Sphere of influence Economic imperialism PRO CON

Methods of “Management” 1 - Indirect control (preferred by Britain) Existing political rulers had to accept the authority of the European country Country mostly handled its own affairs

Methods of “Management” 2 - Direct control (preferred by France, much of Europe) Colonies governed according to their needs, but not giving them rights Assimilation – institutions patterned after those of the controlling country