Warm-up: Monday Review of City models Which model(s)… 1. Has a commercial spine surrounded by elite residences? 2. Is influenced by colonialism? 3. Has many different commercial centers? 4. Has zones of squatter settlements?

Buenos Aires, Argentina

South American Cities Shantytowns – unplanned developments of crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and pieces of cardboard that develop around cities

Manila, Philippines

South American Cities Disamenity sector – poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gang or drug lords

Disamenity sector – eg. the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-27815624

How are cities organized? Models of cities

How does urban structure affect quality of life? The way that an urban area is structured is extremely important as it affects the three quality of life environments (built, social and economic): 1 BUILT – housing tenure, location, access to services, etc. 2 SOCIAL – education, health, friends, leisure pursuits, etc. 3 ECONOMIC – housing and transport costs, job location, etc.

Key terms Central Business District (CBD) – concentration of business and commerce in the city’s downtown Residential zone – Industrial zone -

Key Terms Central city – “older city”; urban area that is not suburban Suburb – outlying, functionally uniform part of an urban area that is often (but not always) adjacent to the central city Most are residential, but some include schools, malls, and office parks Suburbanization – lands that were previously outside of the urban environment become urbanized

North American City: Concentric Zone model Developed by sociologist Ernest Burgess 1920s, based on Chicago Cities grow outwards from the centre in a series of rings.

Concentric Zone Theory Timeframe 1920’s Class conscious society Housing segregated according to income Lack of transport infrastructure Assumptions Older buildings in city centre Newer buildings at edge of city Land values highest in city centre Strong economic and ethnic segregation Low income groups lack transport and live close to city centre. Cities develop on a flat plain with equal access to transport

Five Concentric Zones 3) Low Income Residential 4) Middle Income Residential suburban estates- good quality, gardens 5) High Income Residential / Commuter Small towns and villages 1) Central Business District 2) Transition and Industry low incomes oldest housing ghettos

Problems with Burgess Model Old Doesn't consider car ownership Landscape not considered Impact that industry and transport could have on land use not considered. Zones are never as clear-cut

North American City: Sector Model Developed by Homer Hoyt 1930s in response to the limitations of the Burgess model Sectors radiating out from the CBD along transport routes.

Sector Theory Timeframe Late 1930’s Income and status divided society Housing areas reflect social segregation Assumptions Settlement develops along transport routes Towns radiate out from the CBD Low-income and industrial areas lie next to each other Wealthy people choose the best sites

Criticisms of Hoyt’s Theory Old Too general In reality, most zones contain more than one land-use Doesn't consider the impact of urban renewal schemes

North American City: multiple Nuclei Model Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman 1940s As an urban area grows, it develops around a number of different business centers or nuclei.

Multiple Nuclei Theory Assumptions; Modern cities more complex than suggested by other theorists Each nucleus acts as a growth point Growth occurs outwards from each nucleus, until they all merge into one large urban area

Multiple Nuclei Theory Mixture of Burgess and Hoyt Shows some land-uses attract more of the same, for example industrial areas Some land-uses may deter others from locating nearby, eg; housing is usually located away from industrial areas

Criticisms of Multiple Nuclei Theory Not an exact fit for all cities and towns Too complex

Are these models relevant to today’s cities?? Have some relevance Now due to urban renewal schemes and changes in society, high income residential areas often exist close to the CBD Modern cities are expanding beyond these models- Urban Sprawl

North American City: Galactic City Model Late 20th century Post-industrial city A complex urban area in which centrality of functions is no longer significant The old downtown plays the role of a festival or recreation area, and widely dispersed industrial parks, shopping centers, high-tech industrial spaces, edge-city downtowns, and industrial suburbs are the new centers of economic activity

Edge Cities Concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional urban area in what had recently been a residential suburb or semi-rural community Develops on the periphery of a larger city

Edge Cities First explained in the book Edge City: Life on the New Frontier by Joel Garreau, who established its current meaning while working as a reporter for the Washington Post. Garreau argues that the edge city has become the standard form of urban growth worldwide, representing a 20th-century urban form unlike that of the 19th-century central downtown.

Edge Cities Garreau established five rules for an edge city: It must have more than five million square feet (465,000 m²) of office space. This is enough to house between 20,000 and 50,000 office workers, as many as some traditional downtowns. It must have more than 600,000 square feet (56,000 m²) of retail space, the size of a medium shopping mall. This ensures that the edge city is a center of recreation and commerce as well as office work. It must be characterized by more jobs than bedrooms. It must be perceived by the population as one place. It must have been nothing like a city 30 years earlier.

Edge City- Tyson’s Corner, VA Tysons Corner, Virginia circa 1957. Photo courtesy of Fairfax County Library, Photographic Archive.

Edge Cities

Modeling Cities in World Regions

Colonial Cities: Spanish (Latin America): Conquistadores completely erased indigenous settlements and mingled with the local culture to become a part of it.  Thus, Spanish colonial cities are more unitary in nature and follow Spanish elements. Laws of the Indies, 1573 Cities centered around church and central plaza Grid-iron street plan Administrative system is also more centralized than that of the Portuguese in Brazil. 

Central Plaza of Mexico City

South American City: Griffin-Ford Model Combines elements of Latin American Culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones. Includes a thriving CBD with a commercial spine. The quality of houses decreases as one moves outward away from the CBD, and the areas of worse housing occurs in the disamenity sectors.

Buenos Aires, Argentina

South American City: Griffin-Ford Model Commercial / CBD: The focus of employment, entertainment, and economic activity; Roads, trains, and buses are fairly reliable here. Market: - informal economy - primitive form of capitalism; beyond control/taxation of gov't; unlicensed people sell homemade goods and services; may or may not be illegal. - formal economy - taxed and licensed by the government Industrial Elite residential sector: The elite sector forms on either side of a narrow spine that contains amenities attractive to the wealthy, such as water and electricity, as well as offices, shops, restaurants, etc. Zone of maturity: Residential area in which a stable population has gradually transformed the district into one that is fully serviced. Zone of in situ accretion: A mix of middle and low income housing, generally thought of as a transitional area (moving either up on down). Zone of peripheral squatter settlements/ periferico: Home for impoverished and unskilled; housing consists of mostly shantytowns. Lawless barrios / favelas and is usually behind a main ring highway known as a perifico. Gentrification: A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle to upper-middle class owner-occupied area. Disamenity: Contains relatively unchanging slums (barrios or favelas) that may not be connected to regular city services.

South American Cities Shantytowns – unplanned developments of crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and pieces of cardboard that develop around cities

South American Cities Disamenity sector – poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gang or drug lords

Disamenity sector – eg. the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-27815624

The African City Africa has the world’s fastest growing cities Africa has a diversity of cities = difficult to formulate a model of the African city The imprint of European colonialism can still be seen in many African cities

The African City (de Blij model) Central city has 3 CBDs

Nairobi, Kenya

Southeast Asian City (McGee model) Most major Asian cities developed by European colonizers on ports. Alien commercial – typically Chinese & Indian

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 9.41 The Changing Character of Mumbai, India. Adapted with permission from: Richard Grant and Jan Nijman, “Globalization and the Corporate Geography of Cities in the Less-Developed World,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 92, 2 (2002). © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 45

European Cities: result of very long histories Complex street patterns - prior to automobile, weird angles Plazas and Squares - from Greek, Roman, Medieval High density and compact form - wall around city or low-growth zoning Low skylines - many built before elevators, others required cathedral or monument to be highest structure Lively downtowns - center of social life, not just office work Neighborhood stability - Europeans moved less frequently than we do. Scars of War - many wars , many cities originally defensive Symbolism - gothic cathedrals, palaces, and castles Municipal Socialism - many residents live in buildings that are owned by city gov’t. Some of these are massive housing projects, others small scale apartment buildings.

Narrow, Twisty Medieval Streets Vienna, Austria

Florence, Italy 48

Amsterdam, The Netherlands 49

Megacities Megacities – cities of 10 million or more Vast territorial extent Example: Mumbai has more people than Australia Frequently strained, inadequate infrastructure Example: Jakarta, Indonesia is the largest city in the world without a subway system Megacities are difficult to model or classify

World Cities World cities are centers for the provision of services in the global economy http://testtube.com/testtubedailyshow/what-are-the-world-s-largest-cities?utm_source=FB&utm_medium=DNews&utm_campaign=DNewsSocial https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwCABmP3uQ4

College Board Lesson http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/cm-hum-geo-urban-geography.pdf