Imperialism

Foreign policy in which strong nations extend their political, military and economic control over weaker nations European nations started the trend US catches on in late 1800s Strong countries (GB, US, Japan) in a mad dash to grab up as many colonies as possible What is Imperialism

Imperialism What territories did they take? Who were the Imperialists? Trendsetter: Great Britain leads the way 10 Mothers (Imperialists): Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Russia, Spain, Portugal, and the United States Late Comers: Japan and US Asia Africa Latin America Islands in the Pacific Imperialism

Can be summed up with “God, Gold and Glory” Five Main Reasons: Economic Political Military Cultural Religious Can be summed up with “God, Gold and Glory” Why be Imperialistic?

Economics (Gold) Political (Glory) Countries need places to get raw materials from Countries need places to sell their manufactured goods Nationalism – a nation’s greatness could be measured by the quantity of its colonies Competition with rivals – prevent other countries from becoming more powerful

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Military (Glory) Alfred T. Mahan National Security Military Advantage Competition was vicious; a nation had to protect its own interests Military Advantage More bases in more parts of the world…better navy Gas Stations A colony can serve as a refueling/loading station for the Navy Wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History Suggested America should build up a stronger navy to compete with other nations Also US needed naval bases(refuel and resupply) for the navy

Cultural (Glory and God) Religious (God) Cultural (Glory and God) Anglo-Saxonism: white race is superior Manifest Destiny: God’s intention for America to expand Social Darwinism: only the strongest nations will survive Strength=more colonies Christianity, seen as superior, should be spread to lesser nations of Asia and Africa Imperialism will give US more territories that can be Christianized

Josiah Strong A religious missionary Wrote Our Country Argued that America had a responsibility to spread its value by civilizing weaker nations This is what God wanted America to do

The White Man’s Burden Written by Rudyard Kipling in 1899 Urged America to take up the burden of building an empire to Christianize and civilize other inferior races Became a rallying cry for US imperialists

Seward's Folly Purchased by Secretary of State William Seward from Russia for $7.2 million Called Seward’s Folly because no one understood why America would want an icy tundra, but… Doubled the size of America Alaska was rich in oil and timber

“Seward’s Folly”: 1867 $7.2 million

“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

Hawaiian who conquered most of the Hawaiian Islands and established the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1810 Was able to preserve the independence of Hawaii through several treaties with Pacific Colonial powers Non Hawaiian’s were not allowed to own land until 1848 with the Great Mahele King Kamehameha

U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

U. S. View of Hawaiians Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.

Sugar Plantation in Hawaii First sugar plantation created in 1835 Old Sugar mill of Koloa Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 Allows Hawaii to sell Sugar to the united States without paying duties or taxes Greatly increases plantation profits By 1890, 75% of all private land was owned by foreign businessmen Sugar Plantation in Hawaii

Sanford Ballard Dole Born in Hawaii to American missionaries Was crucial in the creation of the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii Limited voting rights to literate men of Hawaiian, European, or American descent Wealth and income requirements to vote for upper house Consolidated power with the elite residents Sanford Ballard Dole

U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii 1875 – Reciprocity Treaty Free Trade with Hawaii 1890 – McKinley Tariff 1893 – American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani. Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.

To The Victor Belongs the Spoils Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Annexation of Hawaii Sugar planters in Hawaii are hurt over sugar tariff Made Hawaiian sugar more expensive than US sugar Queen Liliuokalani removed the voting rights of the white sugar planters…with help of US the planters overthrow the queen Planters want Hawaii to be annexed (added to United States) Government wants to annex because of sugar

Japan

Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853 The Japanese View of Commodore Perry

Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854

Opens up two ports in Japan for trade with the United States Opens up Shimoda and Hakodate Permits the establishment of a US consulate in Japan Treaty of Kanagawa

Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908 A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports to laborers entering the U.S. Japan recognized the U.S. right to exclude Japanese immigrants holding passports issued by other countries. The U.S. government got the school board of San Francisco to rescind their order to segregate Asians in separate schools. 1908  Root-Takahira Agreement.

Root-Takahira Agreement: 1908 A pledge to maintain the status quo in the Far East. Recognition of China’s independence and territorial integrity, and support for continuation of the Open-Door Policy. An agreement to mutual consultation in the event of future Far Eastern crises.

Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912 Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. (R-MA) Non-European powers, like Japan, would be excluded from owning territory in the Western Hemisphere.