Roots of Western Imperialism

Imperialism One country takes control of another country Government, trade, Culture Types of Control Settlement Colonies: large groups of people from one country living together in a new place. Ex: Australia/settlement for Great Britain Dependent Colonies: few European officials ruled non-European people. Protectorates: Ruler kept title, but Europeans controlled area. Spheres of Influence: area one nation had special interest.

Economic Motives: One word: INDUSTRIALIZATION Control regions with the raw materials country needed New markets in Asia, Africa, and Latin America (Control) Ex: Shirt and Ties in Africa Cultural Motives for Imperialism “White Man’s Burden” by Rudyard Kipling: “half devil and half child.” Europeans were “helping” or “improving” them. Missionaries: convert people to Christianity Helped build schools to teach new culture Medicine, Hygiene, and sanitation

North Africa French: forced occupied Algiers (Ottoman Empire state) Went after small state of Tunis (East of Algiers) Tunis: Became a French protectorate. (Turkish Ruler, French government) Morocco: appealing b/c of Strait of Gibraltar Deal with Britain, Spain, and Italy (French take Morrocco) Not get in way of Britain (Egypt) or Italy (Libya), or Spain (Sphere of Influence with North Morrocco) British: Wanted Egypt Suez Canal: through the Isthmus of Suez to connect to the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea. Egypt bough half stock Egypt on verge of bankruptcy, so British buys and owns most of stock. (Sea route to India, Australia, and New Zealand). Rebellion begins (British navy and troops were sent)

Fashoda Crisis: Sudan: Egyptian colony that Britain and France wanted Al Mahdi (expected one): led revolt against Egypt gaining control of major cities (Khartoum-Sudan capital) British: invaded Sudan and defeated Mahdist army French: Two years earlier, wanted to gain control of upper Nile (Jean-Baptiste Marchand). French reached Fashoda British arrive 2 months later (Both expected to go to war) France yielded Sudan to Great Britain Result: Great Britain and Egypt won joint control of area. Great Britain: clearly the dominant partner (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan).

West Africa Slave Trade (Most were abolished) turned to other trades: Palm, Oil, Feathers, Ivory, Rubber French: fought for control of Senegal for years. Samory Toure: led revolt against France until captured Claimed Senegal and area called French West Africa Britain: went up against Ashanti Took over Ashanti and Gold coast (Ghana) France, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, and Portugal Controlled most of West Africa Liberia: independent state (United States helped)

Central and East Africa Herny Stanley: wrote articles about his search of “Dr. Livingstone I presume” King Lepold II of Belgium: personal colony of 900,000 in Central Africa. Only interest: Become wealthier Sold business people rubber, slave labor Turned over to Belgian government (Belgian Congo) East Africa: famine helped colonize Nations divided similar way of West Africa

South Africa: Competition British seize Cape Colony: British possession Boers: people that left colony that moved to the North and East in a mass migration. Carved three states: Natal (SE), Orange Free State (W), and Transvaal (N). Run into Zulu: fought for years over land (Britain helps Boers and Zulu are defeated) Competition starts with diamonds found in Orange FS Cecil Rhodes: British businessman who takes control of South African diamond production. Expands production to the North Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) Boer War: Boers in Transvaal kept British from opening mines. This led to war, and British defeated Boers Allowed Boers to keep language in schools.

Effect of Imperialism on Africa Europeans Controlled all levels of government usually Paternalism: belief that Africans could not govern themselves. New farming, crops, medicine, roads and railroads Sought out alliances (Europeans tried to take advantage) Hoped for Assmiliation: give up own culture and adopt another.