Sustainable Energy Technologies MSE0290 Hydro energy Eduard Latõšov

Contents Nature of hydro energy Resources Utilisation Technologies Planning Summary

Nature of hydro energy

The mechanical power of falling water Nature of hydro energy The mechanical power of falling water Energy of waves Tidal

Nature of hydro energy The mechanical power of falling water Source: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Water/page2.php

Pth = ρ q g h Nature of hydro energy The mechanical power of falling water The theoretically power available from falling water can be expressed as: Pth = ρ q g h         where Pth = power theoretically available (W) ρ = density (kg/m3) (~ 1000 kg/m3 for water) q = water flow (m3/s) g = acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s2) h = falling height, head (m) almost constant

Pth = ρ q g h Nature of hydro energy The mechanical power of falling water Pth = ρ q g h   Max. consumption in Estonia ~ 1500 MW

Nature of hydro energy Tidal energy

Nature of hydro energy Tidal energy Example. Case specific data.

Wave is mainly formed by wind Nature of hydro energy Wave energy Wave is mainly formed by wind

Utilisation

Utilisation Global electricity generation by fuel, 1973-2010 Hydro energy provides 16.3% of the world's electricity (about 3 500 TWh in 2010), more than nuclear power (12.8%), and much more than wind, solar, geothermal and other sources combined (3.6%), but much less than fossil fuel plants (67.2%). (IEA, 2012a). HYDRO ENERGY Source: https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/2012_Hydropower_Roadmap.pdf

Utilisation Hydropower producers

Utilisation Hydroelectricity generation, 1965-2011

Utilisation Electricity generation from recent additions to hydropower (left) and other renewables (right)

Utilisation Cumulative technology contributions to power sector emission reductions in ETP 2014 hi-Ren Scenario, relative to 6DS, up to 2050 2010 ~16%

Technologies

The mechanical power of falling water Technologies DIFFERENT! The mechanical power of falling water Energy of waves Tidal

Technologies HYDROPOWER PLANT HYDROELECTRIC STATION The mechanical power of falling water HYDROPOWER PLANT HYDROELECTRIC STATION

Technologies The mechanical power of falling water

Technologies The mechanical power of falling water

Technologies PELTON. Francis KAPLAN. Turbine types PELTON. impulse TURBINE Francis IMPULSE/reaction TURBINE KAPLAN. reaction TURBINE A reaction turbine - reacting to the pressure or weight of a fluid. Impulse turbine – kinetic energy by passing through a nozzle

Technologies Kaplan Turbine types Kaplan KEY WORDS: AXIAL INFLOW AXIAL OUTFLOW ADJUSTIBLE BLADES SHIP SCREW

Technologies Francis Turbine types Francis KEY WORDS: RADIAL INFLOW AXIAL OUTFLOW NONADJUSTIBLE BLADES Source: http://www.xindaenergy.com/html_news/Classification-of-Hydro-Turbines-13.html

Technologies WATER PRESSURE TO KINETIC Turbine types Pelton IMPULSE TURBINE WATER PRESSURE TO KINETIC

Technologies Different constructions: Turbine types Pelton Different constructions: Single jet, multi jet, horizontal, vertical

Pump storage hydropower plant

Pump storage hydropower plant Principles of operation

Pump storage hydropower plant Example Kruonis Pumped Storage Plant

Tidal energy Principles of operation

Tidal energy From design to practice ANDRITZ HS300 Tidal Turbine http://islayenergytrust.org.uk/tidal-energy-project/

Tidal energy Main references Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station, South Korea - 254MW The $355.1m tidal power project was built between 2003 and 2010. Daewoo Engineering & Construction was the engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contractor for the project. The annual generation capacity of the facility is 552.7GWh. La Rance Tidal Power Plant, France - 240MW The 240MW La Rance tidal power plant on the estuary of the Rance River in Brittany, France, has been operational since 1966 making it the world's oldest and second biggest tidal power station. The renewable power plant, currently operated by Électricité de France (EDF), has an annual generation capacity of 540GWh. MeyGen Tidal Energy Project, Scotland - 86MW MeyGen Tidal Energy Project located in the Inner Sound of the Pentland Firth off the north coast of Caithness, Scotland, is currently the world's biggest underwater tidal turbine power project under development. Source: http://www.power-technology.com/features/featuretidal-giants---the-worlds-five-biggest-tidal-power-plants-4211218/

Wave energy Principles of operation

Wave energy Reference power plant More information: http://carnegiewave.com/current-projects/

Planning

Planning LCOE Minimum and maximum LCOE for selected electricity generating technologies DIFFERENCE x 10 !!!

Summary Disdvantages Cons Disturbance of habitat. The formation of large and huge dams destroys the living beings around them. Local life is disturbed. People living nearby have to relocate. Installation costs. Although the effective cost is zero but the manufacturing and building a dam and installation of the turbines is very costly due to which many countries do not employ this alternative source of energy. If the initial cost had been less; then it would have used more commonly. Limited use. As the hydroelectric power is produced by the water which depend on the yearly rain falls so only those areas can use this method which receives a good amount of rainfall water because this method needs a huge reservoir of water. Divert natural waterway. Dams and rivers collect water for the production of electricity which alters the natural system of water flow thus depriving houses of the water they need. Effects on agriculture. Making dams on rivers affect the amount, quality and temperature of water that flow in streams which has drastic effects on agriculture and drinking water. Fish killing. The water while flowing through the dam collects nitrogen which can damage and also kills fish. They can also damage the reproduction of fishes thus eliminating the whole species of fishes. Disputes between people. Changing the river pathway and shortage of water can cause serious disputes between people. Breaking of dams. Many dams which were built for industrial use or for mills are not now used and occupying a great space but they can’t be broken or removed as it would cause serious flooding. This would not only affect the humans but also many buildings and property.

Summary Advantages Pros: reliability proven technology large storage capacity very low operating and maintenance costs hydropower is highly flexible many hydropower plants also provide flood control, irrigation, navigation and freshwater supply. a precious asset for electricity network operators, especially given rapid expansion of variable generation from other renewable energy technologies such as wind power and photovoltaics.

Reliability, proven technology. Anti- example. The Sayano-Shushenskaya dam hydro-electric power station accident due to Turbine Failure (2009)

Reliability, proven technology. Anti- example. The Sayano-Shushenskaya dam hydro-electric power station

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