Deny A. Kwary http://www.kwary.net Airlanga University Word Formation Deny A. Kwary http://www.kwary.net Airlanga University

Types of Word Formation Compounding Conversion Clipping Blends Acronyms Eponyms Affixation (prefixes/suffixes) Coinage Borrowing Backformation

1. Compounding Definition: Two or more words joined together to form a new word. Examples: Home + work  homework Pick + pocket  pickpocket (batedor de carteiras, ladrão)

Note: The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts. Coconut oil  oil made from coconuts. Olive oil  oil made from olives. Baby oil  oil for babies Cathouse  a house where men visit prostitutes Blue-movies  film that shows people having sex Blue-chip  a company or investment that makes  a lot of money and is safe to invest in

2. Conversion Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a new syntactic category. Examples: butter (N)  to butter the bread permit (V)  an entry permit empty (A)  to empty the litter-bin

3. Clipping Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables Examples: Facsimile  fax Hamburger  burger Gasoline  gas Advertisement  advertise Omnibus  bus Veterinarian  Vet Doctor  doc

4. Blends Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of the words are deleted. Examples: Motel  Motor + hotel Brunch  Breakfast + lunch Wi-Fi  Wireless + Fidelity Brainiac    Brain + Maniac Brunch    Breakfast + Lunch Email    Electronic + Mail Labradoodle    Labrador + Poodle Metrosexual    Metropolitan +‎ Heterosexual Retrosexual  Retrospective + Sexual

Case Study: Blends or Compounds ‘Wild-haired revolutionaries like Che Guevara have been replaced by clean-cut metrosexual icons like soccer star David Beckham and musician Ricky Martin.’ (cbsnews.com, 25th November 2003). ‘No botox for the Retrosexual. No $1,000 haircuts. The retrosexual man eats red meat heartily and at times kills it himself.’ (The Washington Dispatch, 2nd May 2004). Another recent coinage borne out of the current preoccupation with male stereotyping is the noun and adjective technosexual. (Macmillan Online, January 2005).

5. Acronyms Definition: Words derived from the initials of several words Examples: severe acute respiratory syndrome  SARS self-contained underwater breathing apparatus  SCUBA

Other examples of Acronyms: Radio detecting and ranging For Your Information Thanks God It’s Friday Also Known As Hypertext mark-up language World wide web Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats RADAR FYI TGIF A.K.A HTML WWW SWOT

6. Eponyms (NEOLOGISM) Definition: Words derived from proper names or things. Examples: Kodak Sandwich Celcius Google

7. AFFIXATION (PREFIXES/SUFFIXES) Adding a prefix do -> undo Adding a suffix brief -> briefly Adding a combination of prefixes and suffixes comfort -> uncomfortably

8. COINAGE (NEOLOGISM) Definition: A completely new word is made up from scratch to suit certain purposes. These are often invented by companies with new products or processes, or taken from names. “to coin a phrase” Examples : xerox kleenex Vaseline yahoo Nylon Google Skype

09. borrowing Definition: Words that comes from other languages. Examples: Dipomat – French Guitar – Spanish Muffin – German Papikra – Hungarian Umbrella – Italian Chocolate – Brazilian Yogurt – Turkish

10. Back-formation Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect morphological analysis. Examples: editor (1649)  edit (1791) television (1907)  televise (1927)

Complete the process and Identify the type of word formation: 11. YOGA 12. SPAGUETTI 13. EMOTICON 14. CROISSANT 15. FLU (INFLUENZA) 16. PRETZEL 17. BABYSIT (BABYSITTER) 18. FINGERPRINT 19. TO BOTTLE 20. SUSHI 1. KETCHUP 2. KIDULT 3. TSUNAMI 4. TELEVISE (TELEVISION) 5. A CRAZY 6. AD (ADVERTSMENT) 7. BRUNCH 8. YOGURT 9. BOOKCASE 10. (TELE)PHONE

Complete the process and Identify the type of word formation: 21. LOANWORD 22. EDIT(OR) 23. WEBNAR 24. VET(ERINARIAN) 25. SITCOM 26. TO BUTTER 27. SMOG 28. TORTILLA 29. NARCISISM 30. LINUS (LINUS TOVARD) 31. MOORE’S LAW 32. POSTEL’S PRESCRIPTION 33. THE FINALS 34. DRY (VERB) 35. SEXTING 36. COSPLAY 37. THE WHY 38. CATFISH 39. NACHOS 40. VLOG

Complete the process and Identify the type of word formation: 41. FIREPLACE 42. BIOGRAPHICAL + PICTURE → BIOPIC 43. ALLIGATOR – GATOR 44. SPLOG (SPAM AND BLOG) 45. LABORATORY – LAB 46. CUPCAKE 47. SIMULTANEOUS + BROADCAST → SIMULCAST 48. U.S.A. (UNITED STATES) 49. FOOL – TO FOOL 50. NOW (NATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF WOMEN) 51. OUTRUN 52. EMAIL – TO EMAIL 53. HIGHLIGHT 54. KNIFE – TO KNIFE 55. MAILMAN 56. BITTERSWEET 57. NAME – TO NAME 58. TO LAUGH – LAUGH 59. GYMNASIUM – GYM 60. ROFL - ROLLING ON THE FLOOR LAUGHING

Complete the process and Identify the type of word formation: 71. HEROIN 72. OBSESSIVE – OBSESS 73. NICOTINE – JEAN NICOT 74. A TRY 75. PASTEURIZATION – LOUIS PASTEUR 76. NYLON 77. RESURRECTION – RESURRECT 78. DONATION – DONATE 79. SADISTIC – MARQUIS DE SADE 80. EXAMINATION – EXAM 61. GUILLOTINE – JOSEPH IGNACE GUILLOTIN 62. MESMERIZE – FRANZ ANTON MESMER 63. LAUNDROMAT 64. HAIKU – JAPANESE 65. MURDER – FRENCH 66. PAPRIKA – HUNGARIAN 67. SALMONELLA – DANIEL ELMER SALMON 68. PIZZA 69. XEROX 70. GAMBLER – GAMBLE