Bacteria & Archaea Eukarya Bacteria Archaea

Cell Structure Prokaryote: no nucleus or organelles Chromosome & plasmids float freely in cytoplasm Ribosomes: create proteins Flagella: used in movement Pili: act as anchors Capsule: outer coating Endospore: “cocoon” that forms around DNA to protect in harsh times

Bacterial Shapes Many bacteria grow in colonies 3 Basic Shapes: 1) Bacilli/Bacillus = Rod 2) Cocci/Coccus = Spherical 3) Spirilla/Spirillum = Spiral

Bacteria Reproduction Binary Fission: asexual reproduction where one cell splits into two cells Both cells have identical sets of DNA Less genetic diversity Conjugation: process where DNA is exchanged Cells connect by pili DNA exchanged Creates genetic diversity

Nutrition Heterotrophs: feed on matter produced by others Saprophytes: absorb nutrients from dead matter Parasites: absorb nutrients from living matter Essential to healthy ecosystems

Respiration Obligate Aerobe = must live in oxygen The bacteria that causes TB lives in your lungs… which type is it? Obligate Aerobe = must live in oxygen Obligate Anaerobe = cannot live in oxygen Facultative Aerobe = can live with or without oxygen

Bacteria Cyanobacteria: autotrophic bacteria Evolutionary Importance UV UV UV UV Cyanobacteria: autotrophic bacteria Evolutionary Importance Early life lived in oceans (no ozone layer) Cyanobacteria released O2 into the atmosphere O2 recombined into ozone (O3) in the stratosphere Protective layer allowed life to evolve on land UV UV Ozone layer (O3) develops over millions of years Uninhabited land Cyanobacteria in Ocean water O2 O2 O2 O2

Helpful Bacteria Helpful in nature Cyanobacteria: create O2 Decomposers: recycle C Nitrogen fixer bacteria Bacteria have been engineered for human uses: Food: cheese, bread, yogurt, sauerkraut Medicine: antibiotics Industry: insecticides, fuel, environmental cleanup

Identifying Bacteria Identified by Gram Stain test Gram negative: stains pink harder to treat Gram positive: stains purple easier to treat Treatments differ depending upon results GRAM NEGATIVE GRAM POSITIVE

Gram Stain Overview

Kingdom Bacteria Gram Positive Thinner capsule Stains purple Gram Negative Thicker capsule Stains pink Cyanobacteria Autotrophs Created ozone layer

Brush, Floss, & Rinse Your Teeth! GINGIVITIS HEALTHY MODERATE PERIODONTITIS ADVANCED PERIODONTITIS

Resistant Bacteria Only Most bacteria killed Strong Survive Resistant Bacteria Only Strong Reproduce

Salt, heat, & acid loving prokaryotes Kingdom Archaea Salt, heat, & acid loving prokaryotes

Archaea Live in extreme environments 1) Methanogens: Anaerobic (Obligate Anaerobe) Produce methane gas as a waste product Habitat: Swamps, sewage, digestive tract

Archaea 2) Thermophiles Heat and acid loving archaea Habitat: Deep sea vents, volcanoes, hot springs (230°F)

Archaea 3) Halophiles Thrive in areas of high salt concentration Salt normally dehydrates organisms Use salt to make energy

Kingdom Archaea Halophiles thrive in salty environments Methanogens live in anaerobic environments produce methane as waste Thermophiles thrive in extremely hot environments

Silly…yet educational…Archaea AKA Archaebacteria

Name this bacteria shape! Cocci

Name this bacteria shape! Bacilli

Name these cell parts! Pili

Name the process shown in this animation. Binary Fission

Review 1) What is the main difference between bacteria and all other life on Earth? 2) What is the purpose of… ribosomes? pili? endospores? capsule? 3) Name the process where bacteria divide themselves? 4) Examine the next slide and identify the cell parts. 5) How do the 3 types of respiration differ among bacteria? 6) Which archaebacteria love salt? 7) How do Gram + and – bacteria differ? 8) Which beneficial gas do cyanobacteria release into the atmosphere? 9) What did this gas eventually create?