WELCOME BACK!

Ready? Set? THINK!!! Sketch a political map of the United States. No. REALLY!

On a different scale… Now sketch a map of the world. Yes, I am serious!

AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND USE

DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w SECOND AG REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w THIRD AG REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w

AG PRODUCTION HEARTHS Upper SE Asian Mainland Meso-America Lower SE Asian Mainland Eastern India SWA East African Highlands Meso-America North-Central China Mediterranean Basin Western Sudan Andean Highlands Eastern South America

AG PRODUCTION VARIANCES Nigerian women spread seeds Slash and burn in Peru Center pivot irrigation in Oregon

AG SYSTEMS in CLIMATE ZONES

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION Hunting & Gathering Shifting Cultivation (slash-and-burn) Pastoral Nomadism

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION Subsistence Ag Commercial Ag Mixed Crop & Livestock

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION Dairy Farming Grain Farming Livestock Ranching

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION Mediterranean Ag Commercial Gardening/Fruit Farming Plantation Farming

AGRICULTURAL FLOWS Columbian Exchange NAFTA

von THUNEN MODEL Originator of spatial models Focused on maximizing the profit from his agricultural lands

von THUNEN MODEL Uniform soil, climate, level of terrain All farmers lived equal distance from market and had equal access to it Farmers sought maximum profits “Isolated state” – no trade connections Possessed only one market Located centrally in the state

von THUNEN MODEL

von THUNEN MODEL

von THUNEN MODEL

von THUNEN MODEL

von THUNEN MODEL

THIRD AG REVOLUTION The complex of seed and management improvements adapted to the needs of intensive agriculture that have brought larger harvests from a given area of farmland 1965-1995, world cereal production rose 90%, mostly due to increased crop yields rather than expanding cropland

THIRD AG REVOLUTION 1965-1983 average yields Rice 52%; Wheat 66%;

THIRD AG REVOLUTION PEDS haven’t slowed down – always pushing to find new technologies Advancements in PINGS (Mali) has helped delay famine and extended life expectancies

THIRD AG REVOLUTION HIGH INPUT – HIGH YIELD CROPS New variations of seeds/plants Irrigation Mechanization Fertilization Use of pesticides More food

THIRD AG REVOLUTION Irrigation has destroyed large tracts of land Ground water depletion Conflict between agricultural societies and urban sprawl

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THIRD AG REVOLUTION Blending of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THIRD AG REVOLUTION Increased mechanization Development of biotechnology

HOPES & FEARS ABOUT THE FUTURE Will we be able to produce enough food for the world’s people? At what cost – economic and environmental?

POLITCAL GEOGRAPHY

POLITICAL DEFINITIONS Territoriality The attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area

POLITICAL DEFINITIONS Sovereignty Principle that final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states and be recognized by other states and codified by international law

POLITICAL DEFINITIONS Unitary State An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials

POLITICAL DEFINITIONS Federal State Allocation of strong power to units of local government within the country

POLITICAL DEFINITIONS Democratization The transition to a more democratic political regime

POLITICAL DEFINITIONS Nation a group of people who possess common cultural traits Kurdistan

POLITICAL DEFINITIONS State a political entity that possesses sovereignty over an area delimited by internationally recognized boundaries Mexico

POLITICAL DEFINITIONS Nation-state a political unit that contains one principal national group that gives it its identity and defines its territory Japan

RISE OF NATION-STATES in response to the rise of nationalist political philosophies during the 18th century 2. humans want to be close to those of similar background 3. necessary and logical component of the transition from feudalism to capitalism 4. logical accompaniment of economic growth based on expanding technologies 5. arose from the collapse of local communities and the need for effective communication within a large unit

GROWTH THEORIES RATZEL’S SEVEN LAWS OF SPATIAL GROWTH Size will increase as culture develops Growth of a state is subsequent to other manifestations of the growth of the people Growth from a process of annexing smaller members Boundaries are peripheral organs that take part in all transformations of the state

GROWTH THEORIES RATZEL’S SEVEN LAWS OF SPATIAL GROWTH As state grows, it will strive to occupy some politically valuable locations 6. Initial stimulus for growth is external 7. Tendency to grow continually increases in intensity

Environmental Determinism and GROWTH THEORIES What connection is there between these growth theories and the concepts of Environmental Determinism and Possiblism?

GROWTH THEORIES Wallerstein’s World Systems World is divided into three spheres: core semi periphery periphery

Colonialism and Imperialism Core – higher levels of education, salaries, more technology Semi-periphery – transition between the two Periphery – lower levels of education, salaries, less technology

INFLUENCE OF ETHNICITY Ethnic homogeneity of countries vary, but the extent of a state’s cultural diversity often influences its political stability

CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS Ethnic diversity can be a strong centrifugal force – leading to civil disorder, international conflict, unspeakable human rights abuses Yugoslavia

CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS Centripetal Forces Unifying tendencies, such as a widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith

CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS Supranationalism Organization involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives

CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS Devolution Process by which regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growth authority at the expense of central government

BOUNDARIES Generic Boundaries identified on the basis of their inherent characteristics natural or physical, ethnographic or cultural, historical, geometric

BOUNDARIES Generic Boundaries: Natural boundary follows a river or mountain range arguments over mineral and usage rights, bridge construction and maintenance, territory lost as a result of course changes over time

BOUNDARIES Ethnographic boundary Cultural differences mark separation Partition of India

BOUNDARIES Geometric Using grid systems such as latitude and longitude or township and range

BOUNDARIES Compact State Prorupted State Distance from center to any boundary does not vary significantly Prorupted State Compact state with a large projecting extension

BOUNDARIES Fragmented State Includes several discontinuous pieces of territory Perforated State A state that completely surrounds another one

BOUNDARIES Elongated State States with long and narrow shape