Fermilab Project-X Overview Shekhar Mishra Project-X, International Collaboration Coordinator Fermilab

Outline Fermilab Complex Fermilab Strategic Plan Project-X Energy Frontier Cosmic Frontier Intensity Frontier Project-X Some Design Details R&D and Project Status Project-X Collaboration India Collaboration Summary

Fermilab and the World Program The Fermilab Tevatron has now passed on the energy frontier to LHC, following 25 years as the highest energy particle collider in the world. Fermilab operates the highest power long baseline neutrino beam in the world. But will face stiff competition from J-PARC To Soudan

Fermilab Strategic Plan The U.S. strategy for elementary particle physics over the coming decades has been developed by the DOE’s High Energy Physics Advisory Panel (HEPAP). Fermilab is fully aligned with this strategy. The Fermilab strategy is to mount a world-leading program at the intensity frontier, while using this program as a bridge to an energy frontier facility beyond LHC in the longer term. Broaden the physics program to include Nuclear Physics and Energy

Gaps and Roles: Energy Frontier Next two decades: Dominated by LHC. Upgrades to LHC machine and detectors Biggest gap: What follows the LHC? Depends on results and at what energy results occur Fermilab strategy: Physics exploitation and upgrades of LHC. R&D on future machines: ILC if physics at “low” energy; Muon Collider if physics at high energy; New high field magnets for extension of LHC or future proton colliders at ultra-LHC energies

Fermilab Roles: Energy Frontier Tevatron LHC LHC LHC Upgrades ILC?? LHC ILC, CLIC or Muon Collider 2022 Now 2016 2019 2013

Gaps and roles: Cosmic Frontier The principal connection to particle physics: The nature of dark matter and dark energy Gap in the direct search for dark matter: Get to “zero—background” technology. Gap in understanding dark energy Establishment of time evolution of the acceleration: New major telescopes (ground and space) Fermilab strategy: Establish scalable “zero-background” technology for dark matter. Participate in future ground and space telescopes (the principal agencies are NSF and NASA, not DOE)

Fermilab Roles: Cosmic Frontier DM: ~1 ton DE: LSST WFIRST?? BigBOSS?? DM: ~10 kg DE: SDSS P. Auger DM: ~100 kg DE: DES P. Auger Holometer? DE: LSST WFIRST?? 2013 2016 2019 2022 Now

Gaps and Roles: Intensity Frontier Two principal approaches: Proton super-beams to study neutrinos and rare decays Quark factories: in e+e- and LHCb Principal gap is The understanding of neutrino The observation of rare decays coupled to new physics processes Fermilab strategy: Develop the most powerful set of facilities in the world for the study of neutrinos and rare processes, way beyond the present state of the art. Complementary to LHC.

Fermilab Roles: Intensity Frontier MINOS MiniBooNE MINERvA SeaQuest NOvA MicroBooNE g-2? SeaQuest Project X+LBNE m, K, nuclear, … n Factory ?? LBNE Mu2e Now 2013 2016 2019 2022

Fermilab Present Collaborative Efforts International Collaborations for our programs Collaboration among DOE laboratories Project X, ILC/SRF, Muon collider, neutrino factory, LHC Accelerator, many particle experiments, … 27 countries 23 countries 16 countries

PX: Reference Design Configuration 325 & 650 MHZ 1300 MHz 3-GeV, 1-mA, CW linac, 325 and 650 MHz, provides beam for rare processes, nuclear and energy programs ~3 MW; flexible provision for beam requirements supporting multiple users < 5% of beam is sent to the Main Injector Reference Design for 3-8 GeV acceleration: pulsed linac Linac would be 1300 MHz with <5% duty cycle

Project X: Central to the strategy CW Linac a unique facility for rare decays: A continuous wave (CW), very high power, superconducting 3 GeV linac. Unique in the world Greatly enhances the capability for rare decays of kaons, muons CW linac is also the ideal machine for other uses: Standard Model tests with nuclei (ISOL targets), Possible energy and transmutation applications, Cold neutrons Coupled to an 8 GeV pulsed LINAC and to the Recycler and Main Injector the most intense beams of neutrinos at high energy (LBNE) and low energy (for the successors to Mini and MicroBooNE) Eliminates proton economics as the major limitation: all experiments run simultaneously scope would be difficult to reproduce elsewhere

Broad and Flexible Physics Project X is central and gives us the ultimate world program at the intensity frontier. It is a very broad program with a lot of flexibility 3 GeV CW linac 3-8 GeV pulsed linac 8-120 GeV existing machines Muons Kaons Nuclei (ISOL) Materials (ADS) Neutrinos vs. antineutrinos Long base line neutrino oscillations

Nuclear Energy Interest of HIPA A multi-MW proton source could be the key element of a Nuclear Energy program, including transmutation Multi MW CW beam at 1-2 GeV (similar to Fermilab Project-X) could be the accelerator and target technology demonstration project. 15 15

Project-X: Mission A neutrino beam for long baseline neutrino oscillation experiments 2 MW proton source at 60-120 GeV High intensity, low energy protons for kaon and muon based precision experiments Operations simultaneous with the neutrino program A path toward a muon source for possible future Neutrino Factory and/or a Muon Collider Requires ~4 MW at ~5-15 GeV . Possible non-HEP missions under consideration Nuclear physics Nuclear energy applications (Demonstration: Accelerator and Transmutation)

Reference Design: Provisional Siting CW Linac Pulsed Linac

Project-X Reference Design Layout 3 Gev cw linac 3 Gev beam transport 3-8 Gev pulsed linac 8 Gev beam transport 18 PX Briefing to OHEP 18

Project-X: Front End Room Temp (RT) (~15m) H- -source: 10 mA CW MEBT RFQ H-gun Room Temp (RT) (~15m) H- -source: 10 mA CW RFQ (Room Temperature and CW): 162.5 MHz, ~ 2.5 MeV, 1/10mA avg/peak Pulsed RFQ under test at Fermilab MEBT (room temperature): High Bandwidth Chopper RT bunching cavities, P < 5 kW each Triplet (RT) optics (keep round beam)

Project-X Linac : Reference Design SSR0 SSR1 SSR2 β=0.6 β=0.9 325 MHz 2.5-160 MeV 650 MHz 0.16-3 GeV ILC 3-8 GeV SSR0 SSR1 SSR2 LE HE ILC #Cavities 18 40 48 152 224 #Solenoids 20 #Quadrupoles 32 46 28 #Cryomodules 1 2 4 8 19 Length, m 11.38 15.2 33.6 157.05 330.51 353.27 Position, m 26.58 60.18 157.11 487.62 Period Length, m 0.61 0.8 1.6 6.06 13.76 25.23 #Periods 10 16 14 Transition Energy, MeV 10.79 35.17 153.7 537.32 3038 8319 Transition Beta 0.150 0.266 0.511 0.771 0.972 0.995

CW Linac: 325 MHz and 650 MHz Cavity Power Cavity Gradient Cavity Power Energy Gain per Cavity Project-X is a compact SRF Accelerator: Design enhances capabilities and reduces cost.

325 MHz Spoke Resonator Cavity Parameters of the single-spoke cavities   325 MHz Spoke Resonator Cavity SSR0 - design SSR1 – prototyping, testing SSR2 - design Parameters of the single-spoke cavities cavity type β G Freq MHz Beam pipe ø, mm Va, max MeV Emax MV/m Bmax mT R/Q, Ω G, *Q0,2K 109 Pmax,2K W SSR0 β=0.115 325 30 0.6 32 39 108 50 6.5 0.5 SSR1 β=0.215 1.47 28 43 242 84 11.0 0.8 SSR2 β=0.42 40 3.34 60 292 109 13.0 2.9

RF Parameter for elliptical Cavities 1.3 GHz ILC 650 MHz: β=0.61 650 MHz: β=0.9 Parameter LE650 HE650 ILC β_geometric 0.61 0.9 1 Cavity Length = ncell∙βgeom/2 mm 703 1038 R/Q Ohm 378 638 1036 G-factor 191 255 270 Max. Gain/cavity (on crest) MeV 11.7 19.2/17.7* 17.2 Acc. Gradient MV/m 16.6 18.5 / 17 16.9 Max surf. electric field 37.5 37.3 / 34 34 Max surf. magnetic field, mT 70 70 / 61.5 72 Q0 @ 2°K  1010 1.5 2.0 P2K max [W] 24 29 / 24 20

AES 2nd batch has 75% yield > 35 MV/M Meet Project-X goals Most Recent 9-cell, 1.3 GHz Cavity Results 6 cavities built by ACCEL and 6 by AES PX PX ILC Courtesy of R Geng AES 2nd batch has 75% yield > 35 MV/M Meet Project-X goals But… of course low statistics

1st U.S. built ILC/PX Cryomodule VTS ANL/FNAL EP HTS String Assembly MP9 Clean Room VTS Final Assembly 1st U.S. built ILC/PX Cryomodule 1st Dressed Cavity

Project-X: Test Area 325 MHz Spoke Cavity Test Facility 1.3 GHz HTS HINS Linac enclosure for 10 MEV Source of cryogenics Scale: Square blocks are 3ft x 3ft Ion Source and RFQ

Accelerator Unit Test: Phase-1 Capture Cavity 2 (CC2) Cryomodule-1 (CM1) (Type III+) 5 MW RF System for CM1 Under Commissioning CC2 RF System 27

Accelerator Unit Test: Phase 2/3 Capture Cavity 1 (CC1) Future 3.9/Crab Cavity Test Beamlines Cryomodules CC2 RF Gun 5MW RF System for Gun CC1 & CC2 RF Systems 5MW RF System for Cryomodules Future 10MW RF System 28

Accelerator Unit Test Status Injector Detailed Lattice designed New gun system being installed Collaboration with DESY, KEK & INFN CC2 (single 9-cell cavity) operational - 10/09 Accelerator CM1 installed, aligned, and under vacuum Cooled, Under RF Power

Project X could be up and running in ~2020 Strategy/Timeline Completed all preliminary design, configuration, and cost range documentation for CD-0, Feb 2011 Department of Energy briefing on November 16-17, 2010 Continue conceptual development on outstanding technical questions Baseline concept for the chopper Concept for marrying the 3-8 GeV pulsed linac to CW front end Injection into the Recycler SRF and RF development at all relevant frequencies The DOE has advised that the earliest possible construction start is FY2016 We are receiving very significant R&D support for Project X and SRF development (~$40M in FY11, not including ARRA (stimulus)) Planning for a five year construction schedule Project X could be up and running in ~2020 You should verbally say how much is the total expense in Project-X and SRF R&D. If I add everything up it will be close to $0.5B (2005-2015)

International Collaboration MOU Collaboration Plan A multi-institutional collaboration has been established to execute the Project X RD&D Program. Being organized as a “national project with international participation”. Fermilab as lead laboratory with ultimate responsibility International participation via “in-kind” contributions, established through bi-lateral MOUs. Collaborators assume responsibility for components and sub-system design, development, and construction. National Collaboration MOU signatories: ANL ORNL/SNS BNL MSU Cornell TJNAF Fermilab SLAC LBNL ILC/ART International Collaboration MOU Indian Institutions: BARC/Mumbai IUAC/Delhi RRCAT/Indore VECC/Kolkata

India Collaboration on Project-X India Institutions are already key collaborators in both Project-X accelerator and Physics programs Accelerator collaboration: Key to Indian domestic program (Energy and Application) Physics Collaboration: Continues 3 decades Indian institutions collaboration with Fermilab, while enhancing in new physics and application areas Accelerator Collaboration All aspects of CW Linac Plan is to jointly develop accelerators at Fermilab and in India Physics Collaboration Dzero (Energy Frontier) MINOS, NOvA, LBNE, MIPP (Intensity Frontier) LHC-CMS Center at Fermilab Exploring collaboration in Rare decays (muon, Kaon) Nuclear Physics Nuclear Energy

Summary Project X is central to Fermilab’s strategy for development of the accelerator complex over the coming decade World leading programs in neutrinos and rare processes; Potential applications beyond elementary particle physics; Nuclear physics and nuclear energy applications Aligned with ILC and Muon Accelerators Project X design concept is well developed and well aligned with the requirements of the physics program: 3 GeV CW linac operating at 1 mA: 3 MW beam power 3-8 GeV pulsed linac injecting into the Recycler/Main Injector complex We are expecting CD-0 for Project X in early 2011 Project X could be constructed over the period ~2016 – 2020 http://projectx.fnal.gov/

Backup Slides

Mission: Physics Requirements Working groups established to outline experimental needs in five areas: http://www.fnal.gov/directorate/Longrange/Steering_Public/workshop-physics-5th.html Proton Energy (kinetic) Beam Power Beam Timing Rare Muon decays 2-3 GeV >500 kW 1 kHz – 160 MHz (g-2) measurement 8 GeV 20-50 kW 30- 100 Hz. Rare Kaon decays 2.6 – 4 GeV 20 – 160 MHz. (<50 psec pings) Precision K0 studies 2.6 – 3 GeV > 100 mA (internal target) Neutron and exotic nuclei EDMs 1.5-2.5 GeV > 100 Hz

Comparative situation Europe: now fully occupied at the energy frontier: LHC upgrades and future energy frontier machines (ILC, CLIC). To get into neutrinos competitively would need to do the same as in present US plans, with the addition of a modern high energy synchrotron. Not excluded but very unlikely Japan: Is the nearest competitor, however there are crucial long term advantages to Project X

Comparative advantages Higher CW power at low energies: push rare decays one to two orders of magnitude further Proton economics: run multiple rare decay experiments and neutrinos simultaneously. At JPARC the 50 GeV synchrotron is used for neutrinos and rare decays – requiring sharing Long base-line experiment to DUSEL detectors with baselines not possible in Japan Far more flexible set of facilities and plenty of land for expansion