ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY & BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY

BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY

BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY What is BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY Biological Productivity can be defined as the amount and rate of production which occur in a given ecosystem over a given time period. It may apply to a single organism, a population, or entire communities and ecosystems. Biological productivity = Primary productivity is the rate at which biomass is produced per unit area by plants, expressed in either units of energy [joules/(m2)(day)] or dry organic matter [kg/(m2)(year)].

Gross primary production (GPP) is the total energy fixed by photosynthesis per unit time. Net primary production (NPP) is the gross production minus losses due to plant respiration per unit time, and it represents the actual new biomass. Secondary production is the rate of production of biomass by heterotrophs. ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY is the economic value (RM) of the output of biosystems , YIELD is the biomass ( wt/ unit area/ time ) ( eg: g/m2/ day) from a biosystems . Yield X market price = Economic Productivity .

Biomass The organic materials produced by plants, such as leaves, roots, seeds, and stalks. The term “biomass” is intended to refer to materials that do not directly go into foods or consumer products but may have alternative industrial uses. Common sources of biomass are (1) agricultural wastes, such as corn stalks, straw, seed hulls, sugarcane leavings, bagasse, nutshells, and manure from cattle, poultry s; (2) wood materials, such as wood or bark, sawdust, timber slash, and mill scrap; (3) municipal waste, such as waste paper and yard clippings; and (4) energy crops, such oil palm,

Ecosystems Concept An ecosystem is a complete community of living organisms (biotic) and the nonliving materials (abiotic) of their surroundings. Thus, its components include plants, animals, and microorganism; soil, rocks, and minerals; as well as surrounding water sources and the local atmosphere. The size of ecosystems varies tremendously. An ecosystem could be an entire rain forest, paddy field, rubber plantation, dairy farm, poultry house, fish pond or a backyard garden. Even the body of an animal could be considered an ecosystem, since it is home to numerous microorganisms.

FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE OF BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY Common major factors that control the biological productivity are; 1. Abiotic factors 2. Biotic factors, and 3. Management

ABIOTIC FACTORS Abiotic, meaning not alive, are nonliving factors that affect living organisms. The way in which plants and animals grow and carry out their different activities is a result of several abiotic factors. These factors are light, temperature, water, atmospheric gases, wind as well as soil (edaphic) and physiographic (nature of land surface) factors. Others can be physical such as pond, lake, ocean, desert, mountain, etc.

…...... Abiotic Factors Affecting Productivity Light Light energy (sunlight) is the primary source of energy in nearly all ecosystems. It is the energy that is used by green plants (which contain chlorophyll) during the process of photosynthesis; a process during which plants manufacture organic substances by combining inorganic substances. Factors such as quality of light, intensity of light and the length of the light period (day length) play an important part in an biological productivity.

…...... Abiotic Factors Affecting Productivity Temperature The distribution of plants and animals is greatly influenced by extremes in temperature for instance the warm season. The following are examples of temperature effects on the productivity of ecosystems: some fruit trees such as the peach require a cold period each year so that it can blossom in the spring;

…...... Abiotic Factors Water Plant and animal habitats vary from entirely aquatic environments to very dry deserts. Water is essential for life and all organisms depend on it to survive in especially desert areas. Some tropical fruit trees’ e.g. durian, rambutan and mango require some degree of water stress to flower and yield fruits.

…...... Abiotic Factors Atmospheric gases The most important gases used by plants and animals are oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Oxygen is used by all living organisms during respiration. Carbon dioxide is used by green plants during photosynthesis. Nitrogen is made available to plants by certain bacteria and through the action of lightning.

…...... Abiotic Factors Soil (edaphic factors) These factors include soil texture, soil air, soil temperature, soil water, soil solution and pH, together with soil organisms and decaying matter. The main Soil Factors

BIOTIC FACTORS Biotic, meaning of or related to life, are living factors. Plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria are all biotic or living factors. Yield potential of organisms (plant, animal, algae) is the main determining factor of productivity. It is control by the genetic set-up which can be manipulated. Abiotic factors have direct influent on genetic expression, performance and subsequently productivity

Management and human intervention Proper management of the ecosystems can influent productivity This include modification of abiotic factors to improve organisms (plant, animal, algae ) productivity

Number of plant per unit Area. PD X Area = Total Number of Plants Plant Density Number of plant per unit Area. PD X Area = Total Number of Plants

Concept of High Density Planting ( HDP) Increased productivity by putting more plant…

Concept of Yield Efficiency Harvest Index  Economic yield/ Total Biomass produce Eg: Grain/ Above ground Biomass. It is a Ratio. ( < 1)

Production efficiency OUTPUT/ INPUT < 1 ( LOSS DUE TO PROCESS)

OUTPUT/ INPUT Eg Water use efficiency Unit (%) System Efficiency OUTPUT/ INPUT Eg Water use efficiency Unit (%)

Water use efficiency ( WUE) Engineering vs Biological Engineering ( WUE) = Effective use/ Input Biological ( WUE) = Productivity Index of Water  Biomass/ unit water use. Unit  kg/m3