Indicators of Education Systems Performance

Indicators Access Coverage Internal efficiency Quality

☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Total population ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ School Age population ☺ Source data? Administrative Region Province District Sex Male Female U/R Urban Rural

Access indicators 1. Apparent intake rate; 2. Net intake rate New entrants in, grade 1 AIR = ---------------------------------------------------- X 100 Popn of official school admission age Source data needed Enrolment by grade, sex Population by single age group Analytical variables U/R Sex Region, province , district Enrolment, grade 1 of official school admission age NIR = ---------------------------------------------------- X 100 Popn of official school admission age Useful separation Underage Right age Overage

Exercises

Coverage indicators Example! Total Enrolment by level Gross enrolment ratio; Net enrolment ratio Total Enrolment by level GER = ----------------------------------------- X 100 Cor. popn of official school age Source data needed Enrolment by level, sex Population by single age group(Add up to level) Analytical variables U/R Sex Region, province , district Cor. Enrolment of Age by level NER = -------------------------------------------- X 100 Cor. popn of official school age Useful separation Underage Right age Overage Example! Enrolment of Age 7-14 NERp = ------------------------------ X 100 Level separation Primary Secondary Popn of Age 7-14

Age Specific enrolment ratio

Transition rate: Example Transition rates Transition rate: Example

Exercises

Disparity Example

Internal efficiency/Def. An efficient system is a system that produces the maximum output with the minimum input Internal / External Needs of the society Performance of the individual in work environment Internal efficiency

Internal efficiency Promotion rate Repetition rate Dropout rate Not desired Repetition Dropout Data needed Enrolment by grade/sex for two consecutive years Repeaters by grade/sex for the latter year References Basic indicators of Education Systems performance’ (TNW) Indicators of Education Systems (Johnstone)

Internal efficiency

Internal efficiency/Questions At which grade in the cycle is the repetition or dropout rate the highest? Is the problem, one of high repetition or high dropout? What trends are observed in the promotion, repetition and dropout rates over the last few years? Also, can we make some predictions about the future values of these rates? Do they tend to increase or decrease over time What is the total loss of pupils through dropout for the entire cycle of four grades? Is the problem worse for boys or for girls? Who tends to dropout and repeat more frequently; boys or girls? ….. These are some of the questions we are trying to answer ---

Internal efficiency/Assumptions In the student flow model which is the basis for these indicators, there are no new entrants to the primary grades in subsequent years other than the original cohort of 1000 pupils. Also, we have assumed that there are no re-entrants to grades other than grade 1 for the entire period of the cycle. There are no in-migrations nor out-migration. It is also assumed that no pupil skips a grade i.e. no double promotion as long as members of the cohort are moving through the cycle. 2. Promotion, repetition and dropout rates are calculated for the first year of the cycle It is assumed that these rates remain constant throughout the period of the entire cycle. The same flow rates apply to all pupils enrolled in a given grade, regardless of whether a pupil has reached that grade directly or only after a number of repetitions. This assumption is, sometimes, referred to as the Assumption of homogeneous behavior. 4. Pupils in a given grade are allowed to repeat twice. This is in line with existing policy. But in reality, a pupil may repeat a grade more than twice. In this exercise, we have assumed what is stated in the policy (i.e. the model allows two repetitions and no more). In other words we are assuming that schools apply the rules correctly.

Internal efficiency Formulae

Internal efficiency PR + RR + DR = 1  DR = 1 - PR - RR Formulae

Internal efficiency

Practical Example Promotion rate Repetition rate Dropout rate Boys Grades 1 2 3 4 Enrolment 92 919279 581947 447156 346045 Enrolment 93 943755 628166 509876 399737 Repeaters 93 91011 36375 25588 22817   Promotion rate 0.6438 0.8322 0.8429 0.8442 Repetition rate 0.0990 0.0625 0.0572 0.0659 Dropout rate 0.2572 0.1053 0.0998 0.0899 Promotion rate Repetition rate Dropout rate

Dropouts by years of study   No. of Y e a r s in the c y c l e Grades Dropouts by years of study Internal efficiency 1000  

Exercises

Indicators of Quality Pupils per Teacher Pupils per class Teachers by qualification Teachers motivation Curriculum Availability of materials Relationship … Monitoring of what happens in the class Community participation External efficiency Research TQM

Pupils per Teacher

Pupils per class

The four pillars of Education 1 Learning to know 2 Learning to do 3 Learning to live together, learning to live with others 4 Learning to be Learning: The treasure within, Jacques Delors et al.

Examples

Primary education expenditure as a percentage of total education expenditure

Education expenditure as a total government expenditure

Unit cost

Problems of financial data Difficult to collect Not timely Wide coverage …

Coefficient of efficiency

What do you want to show? R e s e a r c h Appendix IV Appendix I Appendix II R e s e a r c h

Result Indicators Reasons Economic reasons Marriage factor Shortage of teachers Lack of facilities Difficult curriculum What other reasons have you come across in your studies

E X A M P L E

Indicators Report Demand Diagnosis Structured report Every year

Documentation Users Our reference Next generation Accessible to users Easily retrievable Users Our reference Next generation

Source data General Problems Accuracy of the result depends on the accuracy of Source data … Timely General Problems Over emphasis on indicators Low level of awareness /DM Lack of enough personnel (Qt/Ql) Lack of retention Over emphasis of the machine ….

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