PLANTS The plant kingdom is divided into both non-vascular and vascular plants.

Tropism – the growth response of a plant toward or away from a stimulus Plants respond to environmental stimuli Thigmotropism – response to touch Examples: bladderworts, grape vines Phototropism – response to light All plants show phototropism Leaves, stems, and flowers grow toward light Gravitropism – response to gravity Roots show POSITIVE gravitropism – grow toward gravity (down) Stems show NEGATIVE gravitropism – grow against the force of gravity (up)

All plants are eukaryotic, multi-cellular, and non-mobile.

Stem – carries substances between the plant’s roots and leaves; provides support for the plant and holds up the leaves so they are exposed to the sun.

In A Vascular Plant…

Internal Structures Xylem – vascular tissue that carries water and minerals from the roots to other parts of a plant Phloem – vascular tissue that carries food from leaves to other parts of the plant

Non-Vascular plants… Are low growing Do not have roots Obtain water and materials directly from their environment or nearby cells

External Structures Roots – a structure that anchors a plant in the ground, absorbs water and minerals from the soil and sometimes stores food in the form of starch.

Leaves – capture the sun’s energy and carry out photosynthesis Stomata – pores on the surface of the leaf that control when gases enter and leave the leaf

Transpiration – the process by which water evaporates from a plant’s leaf

Flowering plants AKA Angiosperms Have specialized reproductive organs called flowers Within the flower are the MALE stamen FEMALE pistil

Parts of a Flower Sepal – leaflike structures that protect the developing flower and are often green Petals – a colorful, leaflike structure of some flowers

Stamen Made of filament that holds up anther The anther produces the pollen

Pistil Has a sticky stigma Held up by the style The style connects the stigma to the ovary The ovary contains the eggs

Pollination Pollen sticks to the stigma and falls down the style to the ovary The eggs are fertilized and become seeds Then the ovary turns into a fruit.

Germination Seed plants go through a variety of developmental stages Beginining with germination of the seed The seed contains the young plant and stored food Germination requires water

Rhizoid – a thin, rootlike structure that anchors a moss and absorbs water and nutrients Rhizome – a rootlike subterranean stem that usually produces roots below and sends up shoots

Monocot – angiosperms that produce seeds with only one seed leaf Dicots – angiosperms that produce seeds with two seed leaves