Gene Regulation & Mutations

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Presentation transcript:

Gene Regulation & Mutations http://www.genetics.gsk.com/graphics/understand-collage.jpg

What is a gene? Section of ______________that codes for a single trait Main function = production of ______________ All cells have a complete _______of genes, but they are not all _______________ http://www.sciam.com/media/externalnews/2008-01-11T182057Z_01_NOOTR_RTRIDSP_2_SCIENCE-AIDS-GENES-DC.jpg

Gene Regulation Complex _____________ that ___________whether a gene is turned ____ or _____ in a cell. Prevents cells from __________raw materials & ____________ on substances it does not need. http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~brd/rasmol/example/ribbons3.gif

Prokaryotes

Lac Operon in e. coli bacteria _____________-binds to the operator & ______________ transcription in absence of _____________ _____________- binds to repressor when lactose is present, repressor ___________ off, & ___________ can occur http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/lac-operon.gif

Eukaryotes Eukaryotic DNA has ____________(expressed sequences) & _____________ (intervening sequences that do not code for anything) Whole gene is ______________, then enzymes chop out introns before being translated. http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/exintrons.gif

Mutations Any _________ in the DNA sequence Passed to offspring ____________ if occurs in a reproductive cell Most mutations are harmful http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/ato/lowres/aton1712l.jpg

Point Mutations Change in a _________ base pair Sickle cell anemia is caused by a ___________ mutation http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=76520&rendTypeId=4

Frameshift Mutation Single base is _________ or ___________ to DNA moving the frame of codons Changes ________ codon from that point forward ________ devastating effect than point mutation http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/frameshift.jpg

Chromosomal Mutations- structural change in the chromosome __________ - portion of the chromosome is left out ____________ -pick of sister chromatid breaks off & attaches causing a portion to be duplicated ____________- part of chromosome breaks off & reattaches backwards ______________- piece of a non-homologous chromosome breaks off & attaches to chromosome http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Types-of-mutation.png/180px-Types-of-mutation.png

Differences in Mutations Point Mutation Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. Mutation: The fat hat ate the wee rat. Frame-shift mutation Mutation: The fat caa tet hew eer at Deletion Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. Mutation: The fat ate the wee rat. Insertion Mutation: The fat cat xlw ate the wee rat. Inversion Mutation: The fat tar eew eht eta tac.

Mutagen Any ______that causes a change in DNA Include: __________, ___________, high ___________, etc http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v1/n3/images/nrg1200-168b-i1.jpg