Chinese Civilization Chapter 12 and 13

Chinese Dynasties and Philosophies What are the dynasties in order? What are the major philosophies in China?

Dynasties Shang Zhou Republic Qin Mao Zedong (Communism) Han Deng Xiaoping Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing

Philosophies Daoism (Taoism) Keeping life simple in harmony with nature Little or no government. People will take care of themselves Confucianism Respect for family, hard work, and education How to organize a good society and preserve peace Filial piety Legalism All power to the legal ruler People are inherently bad Need harsh punishments to deter people from doing bad Buddhism Respect for property and all life Ancestor veneration (worship) a ritual practice that is based on the belief that deceased family members have a continued existence, take an interest in the affairs of the world, and possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living

Wendi N nobleman 589 defeats Chen Kingdom Estab Sui Dynasty Unifies N and S China Estab Sui Dynasty Lowered taxes Built granaries Insured stable cheap food supply Killed by son Yangdi Sui Dynasty- Sway

Yangdi Positives Negatives Assassinated 618 Legal Reform ***Rebuilt Great Wall*** ***Built the Grand Canal*** Reorganized Confucian education Restored exam system Negatives Excesses (built palaces and moved capital to Loyang) Unsuccessfully tried to conquer Korea Defeated by Turks 615 Assassinated 618 Legal reform What laws do you feel are unfair? What laws do you think should be enforced more or passed? Grand Canal 1100 miles move rice etc to N

Tang Dynasty Started by Li Yuan Extended empire to Afghanistan, Tibet, Vietnam, Manchuria and Korea Used Turkish nomads in army Captured leaders sons sent to capital Tried to assimilate them Restored scholar-gentry (took control from aristocrats) Tested by Ministry of Rites Passed the elite Chinese Lit test become a jinshi Closely regulated workers (Bureau of Censors) How is the Bureau of Censors going to affect workers?

Religion in Tang Confucianism rivaled Buddhism China influences Buddhism New strains pop up Pure Land Buddhism Offers salvation for those who aren’t so good Concentrate on chanting Amitabha Buddha Can be reborn in an world easier to reach enlightenment Appealed to lower class Zen Buddhism (Chan Buddhism) Stresses meditation Appreciation of artistic and natural beauty Appealed to upper class

Buddhist backlash Empress Wu Confucianists and Daoists fight back Supported Buddhism Tried to make it the state religion Tried to restore imperial power Confucianists and Daoists fight back Argue Buddhism hurts the empire (Lands aren’t taxed) Emperor Wuzong Openly persecuted Buddhism Monasteries destroyed and lands taxed or taken Hurts Buddhism but doesn’t destroy it Confucianism becomes the central ideology of China

Emperor Xuanzong Empress Wei tried to take control by poisoning her husband (son of Wu) Put her son on the throne Xuanzong overthrew her Zenith of Tang power Became infatuated with Yang Guifei Led to Tang downfall (907) Five Dynasties Period (907-960) Rise of the Song (960) Xuanzong Chi an zong Song - sung Yang- Yang gway-fay

Song Dynasty Zhao Kuangyin (960) AKA Taizu General that gains control Song popularize rice and tea Can’t defeat Khitan (military in N) Pay tribute but left alone b/c culturally superior Neo-Confucianism New ideas about Confucianism and Daoism Rank and obligation (Do your job) Cultivation of morality is highest goal Zhu Xi most prominent scholar Lasting effect on China Song- sung Zhao- jow khan-yin Khitan- kitten What are morals? What do you think about morals in America? Do you think they will ever get better?

Song Decline Restored unity of China except for Liao in North Capital eventually at Hangzhou Khitan showed Song weakness Others follow suit Song pay tribute Keep large army (drains resources) Wang Anshi tried reform but eventually failed Jurchens invade N China (estab Qin Kingdom) Eventually force Song south and Dynasty ends in 1279 Conquered by Mongols 1279

Tang and Song Accomplishments Changan (2 million inhabitants) largest in world Huangzhou (1,500,000) Shipping Junks are much bigger than other ships Men and Women Men start to become superior Men get inheritance and sexual advantages Women excluded from education Foot binding in Song WHY?

Innovations Use coal for fuel Invent paper money Flying money Banks Gunpowder invented in Tang (fireworks) Used in Song as weapon Flamethrowers Poison gases Rocket launchers Abacus Compass used for navigation Moveable type (Bi Sheng) Flying money (it flew away) banknote used to avoid carrying cash. Cashed in for currency at another place

Paper making

Art in Tang and Song Confucian intellects produce landscape paintings Li Bo Most famous poet

Chap 13 Japan, Korea, Vietnam Major Chinese influence (Esp Buddhism) Influence peaks in 7th and 8th centuries Taika, Nara, and Heian periods Taika Reforms (646) Enacted to incorporate Chinese culture and politics Heian Learn of court life by Tale of Genji First modern novel Tie-ka Hey-an Nar-ah

Shoguns Military governor of Japan (hereditary) Bakufu (shogunate) Take power from emperor Bakufu (shogunate) Shoguns administration Daimyo Feudal lords (vassals to shogun) Bushi (Samurai highest class bushi) Warrior class (mounted troops) Reduced peasants to serfs Follow Bushido 1. Frugality (Buddhist) 2. Loyalty (Filial piety) CONFUCIAN/SHINTO ideal 3. Martial Arts 4. Honor (seppuku) Bushi warrior leaders Bushido- combine Shinto, Confucian, Buddhist ideals SYNCRETISM

Shogunates Kamakura Ashikaga Tokugawa 1192-1333 1338-1573 Onin War 1467-1477 almost destroyed by civil war Divided Japan into 300 states ruled by daimyos Chinese influence rises due to Zen Buddhism Tokugawa 1603-1867

Korea Sinification Silla Korean Dynasties Religion Established a unified and independent gov Korean Dynasties Koryo Mongol 1231 Yi 1392-1910 Religion Elite preferred Buddhism Keep Chinese exam system But admission is mostly by birth and not scores

Vietnam China never holds or assimilates culturally Why not? What do they adopt? Chinese exam system Chinese-style schools Chinese military organization Cultural imports aren’t accepted by peasants