chapter 11 Outlining the Speech

The Scaffolding of Rhetoric. Outlines “Structure is the skeletal outline, or scaffolding, of the presentation.” Winston Churchill The Scaffolding of Rhetoric.

Meeting Agendas “First comes thought; then organization of that thought, into ideas and plans; then transformation of those plans into reality. The beginning, as you will observe, is in your imagination.” Napoleon Hill, author

Steps to an Effective Meeting Establish the need (why) Set a clear agenda (what and how) Arrange logistics (where and when) Define roles and responsibilities (who) Pre-position key contributions Identify and overcome barriers Plan Follow the agenda Record group thinking Practice good meeting behaviors Enact meeting roles Identify next steps Note benefits and concerns Do Effective meetings don’t just happen. The leader and facilitator PLAN them carefully, DO (or execute) them skillfully, and REVIEW their results Evaluate effectiveness Circulate meeting summary Follow up on next steps Incorporate benefits and concerns into next meeting plan Review Phelan, Karen G. "Effective Meetings." The Business Realist. N.p., 2009. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. <http://thebusinessrealist.com/>.

Directions She was lost and lookin' for the interstate Needin' directions and I was the man for the job.” Good Directions lyrics Songwriters: Bryan, Luke; Thibodeau, Rachel;

Prior to writing or speaking Outlines Preparation Speaking While speaking Why two outlines? Prior to writing or speaking

Preparation Outline Content Title General purpose Specific purpose Central idea Introduction

Preparation Outline Content Main points Subpoints (Connectives) Conclusion Bibliography Use complete sentences.

Preparation Outline Content Title General purpose Specific purpose Central idea Introduction

Preparation Outline Content Title: Health benefits General purpose: To inform Specific purpose: To inform the audience of the increase in health care cost. Central idea: Employees will be paying more for healthcare because of rate increases. Introduction

Preparation Outline Content Main points Subpoints (Connectives) Conclusion Bibliography Use complete sentences.

Bibliography List of sources used in preparing speech Reference Page Sources Cited

Two Main Points Provided Turn to Page 219 I. A. B. C. D. II. 1. 2. Two Main Points Provided 10 Supporting Subpoints Put in order

Turn to Page 219 I. More than 20 years passed from the time the Golden Gate Bridge was proposed to the time it opened. A. B. C. D. II. Now 75 years old, the Golden Gate Bridge remains a marvel of modern engineering. 1. 2.

I. More than 20 years passed from the time the Golden Gate Bridge was proposed to the time it opened. A. The bridge was originally proposed in 1916 but faced years of legal hurdles. B. In 1923, the State of California passed legislation authorizing construction of the bridge. C. Once construction of the bridge was authorized, it took ten years to approve the design and financing. D. Construction finally began in 1933 and ended in 1937. II. Now 75 years old, the Golden Gate Bridge remains a marvel of modern engineering. A. At the time it was built, the Golden Gate was the tallest suspension bridge in the world. 1. Its two towers rise almost 750 feet above the waters of the Pacific Ocean. 2. Today, those towers make it the world’s third tallest suspension bridge. B. At the time it was built, the Golden Gate was also the longest suspension bridge in the world. 1. The span between its towers is 4,200 feet. 2. That span makes it the ninth longest suspension bridge in the world today.

Turn to Page 221 I. Lab analysis does not support a guilty verdict. A. Lab analysis of muddy shoe prints on the floor mat of the car indicates that the prints came from a size 13 shoe; the defendant wears a size 10. B. Lab analysis also shows the presence of cigarette smoke in the car, but the defendant does not smoke.  II. The timeline of events in the case does not support a guilty verdict. A. The stolen car was found abandoned three hours after the theft with the engine still warm; at the time the car was found, the defendant was at the airport to meet the flight of a friend who was flying into town. B. In addition, the car was stolen at about 1 p.m.; the defendant testified that he was in a small town 175 miles away at 11 a.m.  III. Eyewitness testimony does not support a guilty verdict. A. The only eyewitness to the crime, who was fifty feet from the car, said the thief “looked like” the defendant; yet the eyewitness admitted that at the time of the theft she was not wearing her corrective lenses, which had been prescribed for improving distance vision. B. In a statement to police, this eyewitness described the thief as blond; the defendant has red hair.  

Turn to Page 221 I. Lab analysis does not support a guilty verdict. A. Lab analysis of muddy shoe prints on the floor mat of the car indicates that the prints came from a size 13 shoe; the defendant wears a size 10. B. Lab analysis also shows the presence of cigarette smoke in the car, but the defendant does not smoke.  II. The timeline of events in the case does not support a guilty verdict. A. The car was stolen at about 1 p.m.; the defendant testified that he was in a small town 175 miles away at 11 a.m. B. The stolen car was found abandoned three hours after the theft with the engine still warm; at the time the car was found, the defendant was at the airport to meet the flight of a friend who was flying into town.  III. Eyewitness testimony does not support a guilty verdict. A. The only eyewitness to the crime, who was fifty feet from the car, said the thief “looked like” the defendant; yet the eyewitness admitted that at the time of the theft she was not wearing her corrective lenses, which had been prescribed for improving distance vision. B. In a statement to police, this eyewitness described the thief as blond; the defendant has red hair.  

Transition “Now that we have a clear understanding of the problem, let me share the solution.”

Connectives & Outlines Internal preview Transition Internal summary

Connectives & Outlines Internal preview A statement that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

Connectives & Outlines Internal Preview In my speech tonight, I am first going to tell you about _____ The benefits of______ and how it affects you.

Internal Preview “Today I will be discussing the Golden Gate Bridge. My two main points are: More than 20 years passed from the time… Now 75 years old, the GGB…

Transition 1 a : passage from one state, stage, subject, or place to another : change b : a movement, development, or evolution from one form, stage, or style to another http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/transition

Transition Word or phrase indicating you have finished one thought and moving on to the next.

Transition “I told you about the building of the GGB, now I will tell you about how it remains a marvel of engineering.”

Statement that summarizes the main points. Internal Summary Statement that summarizes the main points.

Internal Summary “I told you about two main points: the history of building the GGB and the marvel of its engineering.”

Outlines Preparation Speaking

Outlines Why? Make sure ideas flow Enough support/data for ideas Sections are balanced

Speaking Outline Brief outline to jog memory during presentation Helps speaker maintain eye contact

Speaking Outline Guidelines Topic, General Purpose, Specific Purpose, Central Idea Visual framework Connectives Brief Delivery cues

Delivery Cues Directions for delivering key parts of speech (Pause, emphasis, point, pound table, etc.)

Preparation Outline I. Lab analysis does not support a guilty verdict. A. Lab analysis of muddy shoe prints on the floor mat of the car indicates that the prints came from a size 13 shoe; the defendant wears a size 10. B. Lab analysis also shows the presence of cigarette smoke in the car, but the defendant does not smoke.  II. The timeline of events in the case does not support a guilty verdict. A. The car was stolen at about 1 p.m.; the defendant testified that he was in a small town 175 miles away at 11 a.m. B. The stolen car was found abandoned three hours after the theft with the engine still warm; at the time the car was found, the defendant was at the airport to meet the flight of a friend who was flying into town.  III. Eyewitness testimony does not support a guilty verdict. A. The only eyewitness to the crime, who was fifty feet from the car, said the thief “looked like” the defendant; yet the eyewitness admitted that at the time of the theft she was not wearing her corrective lenses, which had been prescribed for improving distance vision. B. In a statement to police, this eyewitness described the thief as blond; the defendant has red hair.  

Speaking Outline I. Lab analysis does not support a guilty verdict. (Ladies and gentlemen (Pause) I will present …three (show number 3) main points …client is innocent.) I. Lab analysis does not support a guilty verdict. A. Muddy shoe prints on floor mat - size 13 shoe; defendant size 10. B. Cigarette smoke in car - defendant does not smoke. (Told …lab analysis, …tell you …timeline of events.)  II. The timeline of events in the case does not support a guilty verdict. A. The car stolen at 1 p.m.; the defendant 175 miles away at 11 a.m. B. The stolen car found three hours after theft – engine warm - defendant at airport.  III. Eyewitness testimony does not support a guilty verdict. A. Only eyewitness - fifty feet from car, thief “looked like” defendant; not wearing her corrective lenses, for distance. B. Eyewitness described thief as blond; defendant red hair. - Pause -  (Ladies and gentleman …told you three main reasons … client is innocent. Reach the right verdict.)

Page 221 I. Robots have captured the human imagination for centuries. A. B. C. II. Today robots are used in many fields, including space exploration and medicine. 1. 2.

I. Robots have captured the human imagination for centuries. A I. Robots have captured the human imagination for centuries. A. In 1497, Leonardo da Vinci designed a mechanical suit of armor that could sit up and move its arms, neck, and jaw. B. In 1773, Pierre and Henry Louis Jaquet-Droz built dolls that could write, play music, and draw pictures. C. In 1937, Westinghouse created a seven-foot robot that could walk, talk, blow up balloons, and smoke cigarettes. II. Today robots are used in many fields, including space exploration and medicine. A. Robots have become indispensable to space exploration. 1. Astronauts use robots to perform maintenance on the International Space Station. 2. In addition, NASA sends robotic spacecraft to explore distant planets. B. Robots are becoming more and more important in medicine. 1. They can navigate hospital corridors to deliver pharmaceuticals, X-rays, and bandages. 2. They also allow surgeons to operate on patients from thousands of miles away.

Organization How is the speech organized, i.e., topical, chronological, spatial, causal, problem/solution? Topic General Purpose Specific Purpose Central Idea Internal Preview Transition Statements

Organization How is the speech organized, i.e., Chronological then Topical

Organization Topic: Golden Gate Bridge

Organization General Purpose: To inform

Organization Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the history of the making of the GGB and why it is special.

Organization Central Idea Even though the construction of the GGB began in 1937, it remains a marvel of engineering.

Organization Internal Preview I will discuss the beginnings of robots, starting in the 15th century, to the current day.

Organization Transition Statement I talked about the beginnings of the GGB, now I will discuss how it remains a marvel of modern engineering.

Beginnings and endings What could you do to grab the attention of the audience? What would be in the conclusion?

Visual Aids What kind of visual aids would you use?

Material from the following unless indicated otherwise: Lucas, Stephen. The Art of Public Speaking. 11th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, 2012. Print. Clipart from Microsoft Office