The Role of C.P.T.E.D in designing out crime Inspector Niall Featherstone 14th June 2017 Chief Crime Prevention Officer Garda Crime Prevention National Centre of Excellence Harcourt Square, Dublin 2

CPTED What is it? What are the key underlying Principles? Examples How can it help me? The Garda CPTED Service

What is CPTED? Essentially designing out crime and crime generating factors in the built environment The proper design and effective use of the built environment can lead to a reduction Crime, Fear of Crime and improve quality of life

What is CPTED? Originated in the United States in the 1960s. Jane Jacobs (1961) – “The Death and Life of Great American Cities” suggested that active street-life could cut down opportunities for crime

People do not meaningfully interact with their neighbours Jacobs postulated that crime flourishes when – People do not meaningfully interact with their neighbours There is a lack of natural guardianship There is a lack of ability for residents to watch their streets

Further developments – C. Ray Jeffery’s book in 1971 “Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design” – Suggested that urban design, including the design of streets, parks, terminals, highways etc. could prevent crime by reducing the opportunities

A study of public housing and crime in New York Oscar Newman’s publication “Defensible Space” in 1972 – A study of public housing and crime in New York Established a definite relationship between urban design and crime rates Defensible Space Theory

Territoriality – real and symbolic barriers 4 levels of space – Defensible Space Theory Territoriality – real and symbolic barriers 4 levels of space – Private e.g. inside a house Semi-private e.g. front garden Semi-Public e.g. communal hallway Public e.g. public road

Defensible Space Theory An area is safer when people feel a sense of ownership and responsibility for that piece of a community If an intruder can sense a watchful community, he feels less secure committing his crime

Why here? CPTED is an approach to problem-solving that asks, what is it about a location that places people at risk or that results in opportunities for crime? In other words, why here?

Underlying Principles – Crime Generating Factors – Lack of natural or formal surveillance Poor lighting High levels of access through the area Poorly designed or sited structures Poor physical security Little or no community interaction Poor definition between public /private space

Poor surveillance

No surveillance

Poor surveillance

Good surveillance

Poor surveillance

Good surveillance

Poor lighting

Poor lighting

Poor lighting

Poor Lighting

Poor Access Control

Good Design

Poor Design - laneways

No Defensible Space

Good Defensible Space

Crime prevention is everybody’s business AGS have a statutory obligation under Sec 7, Garda Síochána Act’05, to prevent crime. Proactive policing involves preventing crime in the first instance and thus reducing the fear of crime. An Garda Síochána has a strong tradition in crime prevention and community policing. Everybody must play their part to reduce and prevent crime.

Duty of local authorities. Crime prevention is everybody’s business Duty of local authorities. 37.— (1) A local authority shall, in performing its functions, have regard to the importance of taking steps to prevent crime, disorder and anti-social behaviour within its area of responsibility.

Dunville Park, Belfast The first park in Belfast to be donated as a gift to the city. It was presented by Robert G Dunville to residents in 1891. Donated £5,000 towards the laying out of the park, more than £1,000 for railings and £665 for a Victorian fountain, designed by AE Pearce Dunville Park was officially opened in 1892 by the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava. “The provision of such a park in an industrial area was symbolic of a new era when employers would think not only of the housing and sanitation of their workers but of their recreation as well".

Dunville Park, Belfast Consultation Recommendations Meet with BCC Establish baseline crime data Consult with NPT Consult with Residents & Residents Groups Site visit Historical research Report back to BCC with findings and recommendations Ownership (BCC, Friends) Rule Setting Defensible Space Access Supervision (Eyes on the street) Fit for purpose Mixed use Quality materials Certified Products (Fencing) Sustainability

Dunville Park, Belfast Attributes to Safer Places Access and movement: places with well defined routes, spaces and entrances that provide for convenient movement without compromising security. Structure: places that are structured so that different uses do not cause conflict. Surveillance: places where all publicly accessible spaces are overlooked. Ownership: places that promote a sense of ownership, respect, territorial responsibility and community. Physical protection: places that include necessary, well-designed security features. Activity: places where the level of human activity is appropriate to the location and creates a reduced risk of crime and a sense of safety at all times. Management and maintenance: places that are designed with management and maintenance in mind, to discourage crime in the present and the future.

Dunville Park, Belfast

Dunville Park, Belfast

Dunville Park, Belfast

Dunville Park, Belfast

Dunville Park, Belfast

Dunville Park, Belfast

Dunville Park, Belfast

What does CPTED do for Communities Community Interaction Estate and Street Design Surveillance Target Hardening The creation of a safer and more secure environment in which to live and work The creation of an environment which reduces the fear of crime The opportunity to create more effective and aesthetic security solutions

Target Hardening Perimeter Fencing Side Gates Locks Intruder Alarms Lighting CCTV (where necessary)

Estate Design Avoid Sprawling Estates Small Clusters Open Spaces/Play Areas to be overlooked and User Friendly Avoid Laneways, Back Courts, Recesses and other areas that could lead to Anti Social Behaviour Adequate Lighting

Before After Poor physical security

Before After

Before After

Before After

Garda CPTED service All CPOs receive CPTED training All Divisions covered National Unit coordination Talk to your local CPO CPO list on Garda website

Summary CPTED will not – CPTED will – Provide a magic solution for all crime problems Tackle the underlying causes of crime or anti-social behaviour CPTED will – Create safer and more secure environments Help to reduce the fear and incidence of crime

E-mail: GCPNCE@garda.ie Questions? Garda Crime Prevention National Centre of Excellence, Garda H.Q., Harcourt Square, Dublin 2. Tel: (01) 6663805 E-mail: GCPNCE@garda.ie