Chapter 8 Grammar Note SH

The Past Participle The past participle is a form of the verb. It is not a tense. One use of the past participle is with the auxiliary verb have or has to form the present perfect tense. Ex) -My mark has changed -I have failed He has been failed by the teacher.

Cases Base Form Past Form Past Participle Study - Studied - Studied Look - Looked - Looked Leave - Left - Left Understand - Understood - Understood - Put - Put - Put

Different from the past tense (irregular verbs) Base Form Past Form Past Participle Become - Became - Become Come - Came - Come Run - Ran - Run Blow - Blew - Blown Draw - Drew - Drawn Fly - Flew - Flown - Swear - Swore - Sworn

Different from the past tense (more irregular verbs see p. 370-1) Base Form Past Form Past Participle Tear - Tore - Torn Wear - Wore - Worn Break - Broke - Broken Choose - Chose - Chosen Freeze - Froze - Frozen Speak - Spoke - Spoken

Different from the past tense Base Form Past Form Past Participle - Begin - Began - Begun - Drink - Drank - Drunk - Ring - Rang - Rung - Arise - Arose - Arisen - Bite - Bit - Bitten - Drive - Drove - Driven - Be - was/were - Been

Differnet from the past tense Base Form Past Form Past Participle Eat - Ate - Eaten Fall - Fell - Fallen Miscellaneous Changes : Do Did Done Forget Forgot Forgotten Get Got Gotten Go Went Gone

The Present Perfect Tense Subject Have/Has Past Participle I Worked. Eaten. You Have. Forgotten. Left. We Spoken. Understood. They Known. He Begun. She Has Fallen. It There has been a mistake. There have been some problems.

Word Order Wh- Word Have Subject Have Main Verb Complement Short Answer He has been in an AA group He hasn’t been in an Na group. Has he been in the group for long? How long Have He been in the group? Who has been in the group? Short Answer : Yes, he has* No, he hasn’t. Note*: Don’t use a contraction for a short yes answer

The Present Perfect We use the present perfect tense to show that an action or state started in the past and continues to the present. He has been in the group since June. She has been in the group for four days. Now Past Future has been May

The Present Perfect Continuous Subject Have/Has Been Verb-ing She Has Been Studying I Have Been Working They Have Been Running

Word Order – Present Perfect Continuous Wh- Word Have Subject Have Been VerbingComplement Short Answer He has been Studying in School He hasn’t been Studying in library he been Studying alone? Has he been Studying alone? How long Have Who has been Studying with her? Short Answer : Yes, he has.

The Present Perfect with Repetition up to the Present When we talk about the repetition of an action in a time period that includes the present, we can use the present perfect. The present perfect shows that the action can happen again in this time period because the time period is not finished. Ex) I’ve written three E-mail mails today. (It is possible that I will write more mails today.)

The Present Perfect: Indefinite Past Time We use the present perfect to refer to an action that occurred at an indefinite time in the past that still has importance to the present situation. Ex) Have you ever gone to an AA meeting? Yes, I have (AA = Alcoholics Anonymous – they help people and families struggling with alcohol addiction)