Amendment Review 1st Amendment 2nd Amendment Religion Speech Petition Assembly 2nd Amendment 13th Amendment- force to work to pay off debt 5th and 14th Amendment

Suffrage and Civil Rights 15th Amendment – ratified in 1870 Cannot be denied based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude Not effective if not enforced- White Supremacist Gerrymandering – (outlawed by Gomillion v. Lightfoot 1960)

The Segregation System Legalizing segregation and segregation in the 20th Century Plessy v Ferguson – 1896 Ruled for Separate but equal did not violate 14th Amendment Jim Crow laws Wwii – set the stage for Civil rights movement Roosevelt issued all federal agencies could not segregate

Early Civil Rights Legislation Civil Rights Act of 1957 – Set up Civil Rights Commission – Inquire into claims of voter discrimination Civil Rights Act of 1960 – Created voting referees – Make sure people could register and vote Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Stopped Literacy Tests, or any other discriminatory manner Voting Rights Act of 1965 – Very Effective – Pushed the 15th Amendment on all state local and county and all federal elections for 25 years expired 2007

Challenging segregation in court May 17, 1954 brown v board of education kansas – Reaction – mixed, created many problems in the south Led to “Little rock nine” group of students to be integrated into Arkansas Little rock’s central high

boycott and Dr. King Boycotting segregation December 1, 1955 – Rosa parks People boycotted for 381 days until late December 1956 the supreme court outlawed bus segregation Dr. King believed in “soul force”, his use of nonviolent protest- based on Jesus, Southern Christian Leadership conference build support from the grassroots up to gain support from African Americans Student nonviolent coordinating committee participated in sit-ins and protests for racial equality

Affirmative Action Paying back African Americans for past wrongs