Jeopardy Lecture Quiz 4

$200 $400 $600 $800 Body Size Homeostasis Light Adaptations Plant Stuff Iostopes and stuff $200 $400 $600 $800

What causes a decrease in pressure drag in organisms? Category 1 $200 What causes a decrease in pressure drag in organisms?

An increased point of separation (more streamlined body shape)

Why is there a minimum size limit for terrestrial mammals?

Smaller organisms have a high SA:V ratio, and any smaller mammals wouldn’t be able to eat enough to account for the amount of energy they would lose

Compare the size and relative skeleton strength of cats, elephants, and whales, and explain why each of them is that way

Cats have much stronger skeletons than elephants, which have a size limit due to their weak skeletons. Whales can grow to be much larger because they are impacted less by gravity

What do larger animals do anatomically to help compensate for a lower SA:V ratio?

Internal anatomy will have higher surface area to allow for greater exchange rates

Define Shelford’s Law of Tolerance and describe how it relates to distribution of organisms

There can be too much, or too little of a given environmental factor which will cause extremes. This affects distribution of organisms in that organisms are mostly not found in extreme environments.

List and give an example of each type of homeostasis

Constant Set Point: Endothermic body temp Constant Set Point: Endothermic body temp. Shifting Set Point: Hibernating organism body temp. or metabolic rate Homorhesis: Growing plants have ever shifting needs (hardening of plants)

List all the types of factor compensation and explain each one

Avoidance behavior: Escape Acclimitization: Hibernation, changes in fur Ecotypic differentiation: Genetic changes over generations Species Replacement: Communities of different species change over time

Define Circadian Rhythm

Behavioral patterns that exist in 24-hour cycles (internal clocks)

Define Heliotrophism and give the two types of it that occurs in plants

Behavior of a plant to move as the sun moves in the sky Diaheliotrophism is movement of a plant to keep its leaves perpendicular to the sun all day Paraheliotrophism is movement of a plant to keep its leaves parallel to the sun all day

Explain the process by which plants detect its surroundings

The Phytochrome system converts Pr into Pfr and vis versa, through imputs of red light and far red light. The ratio between these two forms is what the plants uses to sense if its in the light, or the shade, or if it is surround by other plants, or if it’s alone in the open

Where in a canopy would nitrogen be higher, and why?

Nitrogen content increase higher up in the canopy, because nitrogen use efficiency is greater in more light, so trees have more nitrogen in the leaves that receive more sunlight

Explain the function of the enzyme Rubisco

Rubisco is an enzyme that will either carboxylate (add CO2 to) ribulose biphosphate during photosynthesis, or oxygenate (add O2 to) it during photorespiration

How do CAM plants relate to C3 and C4 plants in terms of photosynthetic rate, productivity, and water loss

CAM plants only open their stomata at night, leading to a very high water use efficiency, while photosynthetic rate leading to a lower overall productivity than C3 and C4 plants

What are the differences in photosynthetic pathways between C3, C4, and CAM plants?

C3 plants photosynthesize with one pathway in one location, while C4 have two enzyme systems in two different locations, and CAM have two systems that occur at different times of the day

Explain the differences in use for radioactive and stable isotopes

Radioactive isotopes such as carbon 14, are used to determine the approximate age of different objects, whereas stable isotopes such as carbon 13 are used as traces to track biological processes such as photosynthetic pathways

Define the terms endotherm, ectotherm, poikilotherm, and homeotherm

Endotherm: Organism produces its own body heat Ectotherm: Organism that gets its body heat from an outside source Poikilotherm: Organism that has a variable internal body temperature Homeotherm: Organism that maintains a constant body temperature

Explain what effects might be caused by an increase in CO2 levels on C3 and C4 plants

Both with have an increased biomass, even though C3 plants will be larger, and both with have an increase in water use efficiency

Explain how you would determine whether a plant is a C3 or C4 plant using C13

C3 and C4 plants have different C13 values, because C4 plants have a higher concentration of CO2 in their bundle sheaths which reduces the discrimination of C13 by rubisco. C3 plants have C13 values close to -27, and C4 plants have C13 values close to -12. Therefore the photosynthesis type can be determined by examining a plants C13 value

Define thermoneutral zone and explain how it relates to temperatures above or below it

A thermoneutral zone is a temperature range in which an organisms metabolic rate with stay the same. As temperature deviates from the thermoneutral zone, metabolic rate will increase either to raise body temperature, or work to lower body temperature