Lecture at the MEDICIS-PROMED Summer School Radioactive Ion Beams L. Penescu Lecture at the MEDICIS-PROMED Summer School 4-11 June 2017, Fondazione CNAO

Summary Context: What – Why - How RIB production: full chain RIB development L. Penescu KI001_IK_201706051

RIB: Radioactive Ion Beam! Clarification RIB: Radioactive Ion Beam! L. Penescu KI001_IK_201706051

What – Why - How What Why How STUDY properties USE decay products Radioactive isotope N, Z numbers Half-life Decay information Nuclide chart What Daughters “X”, “Y”,… Nuclear reaction Decay Stable “A” Stable isotopes “B”, “C”,… Time limit STUDY properties Use decay products = Detect or use their energy Why USE decay products Preparation Transport How Production Use L. Penescu KI001_IK_201706051

Positron emission (+) NEUTRON-INDUCED FISSION Reactions and Decays Reaction a + Z+NX  Z’+N’Y + b Notation Z+NX (a, b) Z’+N’Y Z+1 Z FRAGMENTATION Of beam OR of target beam OR target Z N Main decay types + Z-1 Z-2 SPALLATION 2 channels: spallation-evaporation and spallation-fission Accompanied by neutrons (from thermal up to ~10MeV) N-2 N-1 N N+1 Main reaction types target Z N +  decay : particle energies [MeV]; order: decreasing probability  energies”[keV]; order: decreasing intensity Positron emission (+) +: Endpoint energies [keV] (cont.spectrum)  energies”[keV]; order: decreasing intensity FUSION-EVAPORATION Low-energy beams (4-15MeV/A) Relatively selective production target+beam Z N target + - decay -: Endpoint energies [keV] (cont.spectrum)  energies”[keV]; order: decreasing intensity NEUTRON-INDUCED FISSION Mostly used for U targets, with neutron converter The fission products are neutron-rich Accompanied by fast neutrons target Z N p decay + n emission L. Penescu KI001_IK_201706051

Fundamental & Applied Sciences The uses of RIBs Imaging Treatment Research Medicine Radioactive Isotopes RIBs Nuclear physics Atomic physics Solid state physics Materials science Life sciences Fundamental & Applied Sciences Half-life Industry Flow tracing Mixing measurements Neutron imaging Gamma sterilization L. Penescu KI001_IK_201706051

RIB production methods MEDICIS target On-line separation (OFFLINE) Chemical separation and packaging (OFF-SITE) Use Spallation Fragmentation Fission Fragmentation Fusion-evaporation O.Tarasov COMPARISON ISOL In-Flight Projectile light heavy Target thick thin Release from target slow fast RIB intensity high low RIB quality good poor RIB energy M. Kowalska L. Penescu KI001_IK_201706051

ISOL – method overview Details in the following! L. Penescu KI001_IK_201706051

Targets ISOLDE target Target types: MEDICIS target Solid metals Oxides Carbides Molten materials MEDICIS target Beam scattered by primary target, so: Volume increase (4x ISOLDE target) Density increase L. Penescu KI001_IK_201706051

Targets Thermal analysis Al2O3 - SEM Nanometric CaO powder L. Penescu KI001_IK_201706051

GOALS: fast, selective, (efficient) Transfer lines Target Transfer line Ion source (example) GOALS: fast, selective, (efficient) L. Penescu KI001_IK_201706051

Ion sources Ion source types 1+ 1+  N+ Surface ionization Laser ionization (e.g. RILIS) Electron beam impact ionization (e.g. VADIS) RF heated plasma sources (e.g ECR, Helicon, COMIC) EBIS (electron beam ion source) ECR (electron cyclotron resonance) GOALS: efficient, selective, (fast) GOALS: efficient, (fast) Example: Argon ionization cross sections (stepwise) Plasma Extracted ion beam Transfer line Ion source Extraction 1+ Ar 1+ Ar 18+ L. Penescu KI001_IK_201706051

Example: ISOLDE facility Transport techniques RIB characterization Selectivity Accumulation Preparation (energy, size) Efficiency GOALS: Example: ISOLDE facility Targets Isobaric contamination INPUT OUTPUT Yield specification Purity specification Delivery specification (time structure, energy, charge state, size) 1+ ions, low energy (60keV)/u) Isobaric contaminants Energy and angular spread Transport techniques L. Penescu KI001_IK_201706051

Transport techniques Example: storage ring for accumulation and cooling Example: comparative release curves L. Penescu KI001_IK_201706051

ISOL – method overview L. Penescu KI001_IK_201706051 Explain what is the use of this: ability to reliably (re)produce the performance. Production checklist. Everybody in the network works on a limited number of bricks, but their work becomes useful as part of the full chain. L. Penescu KI001_IK_201706051

In-Flight method overview Example: FAIR facility L. Penescu KI001_IK_201706051

MEDICIS – method overview MASS SEPARATOR Isobaric selection Products implanted on: metallic foils, polymeric supports with salt layers, or ice samples. Target shuttle transfer MEDICIS target unit CHEMICAL LAB Chemical purification (cation-exchange chromatography) Single-isotope batches sent to hospitals L. Penescu KI001_IK_201706051

Production of medical isotopes If driver=cyclotron jump directly here L. Penescu KI001_IK_201706051

Individual phenomena: Production of a RIB PROCEDURES HARDWARE MODEL Phenomena 1: Value parameter 1-A Value parameter 1-B … Phenomena 2: Value parameter 2-A Value parameter 2-B Preparation of: Components Systems Verifications: Parameters Full performance Individual phenomena: Relevant parameters Trend reproduction System: Reproduce nominal performance Reproduce trends Parameter match Operational influences L. Penescu KI001_IK_201706051

DEVELOPMENT of a new RIB Development CATEGORIES LIMITATION analysis Higher INTENSITY required? FASTER production required? Higher PURITY required? Higher RELIABILITY required? Apply technology from OTHER FACILITY? NEW TECHNOLOGY required? 1 2 ISOTOPE already produced ELEMENT already produced ELEMENT not produced Choice of BASELINE 3 QA of existing knowledge Stability? Reproducibility? Knowledge of all parameters? Modeling status? CONSOLIDATION activities Comment for “knowledge of all parameters”: this is difficult especially if they have to be deduced from a superposition of several processes… (example) IMPLEMENTATION and TESTS “Knowledge matrix” Validation of PHENOMENA and PARAMETERS Model BENCHMARKING for used range Refine the ENGINEERING solutions Manufacturing and control PROCESSES Dedicated tests of EXISTING SYSTEMS Tests of NEW COMPONENTS (separated) INTEGRATION tests Tests of COMPLETE LAYOUT (integrated): offline characterization, RIB production new L. Penescu KI001_IK_201706051

You are the experts! Discussion Discussion on specific examples Missing parameters? Observed limitations Side results and possible applications Follow-up interests L. Penescu KI001_IK_201706051