Wood Smoke Pollution Reduction Strategies (WSPRS) FRAMEWORK Recommendations Understanding & Reducing Residential Wood Combustion Emissions: December 1, 2016

Background April 2015 meeting – 30+ Air Directors met and developed recommendations to guide Workgroup formed in 2016 to discuss programs and identify best practices EPA regional and federal offices 24 state and local agencies 3 MJOs

Fine particle pollution (PM2.5) Nationally Residential Wood Smoke Accounts for: 20% of total stationary and mobile polycyclic organic matter emissions 50% of all area source air toxic cancer risks Fine particle pollution (PM2.5) 6% (382,000 tons) of total PM2.5 direct emissions Residential wood combustion emits 5 times more PM emissions than all of these combined: US petroleum refineries Cement manufactures Pulp and paper plants

PM2.5 Emissions by Key Source Types in New York Wood: heats 1.2% NY homes primary heat &~453,000 stoves Natural gas: heats 51.7% NY homes (>3.6million) Home heating oil: heats 33.1% of NY homes (>2.3 million) Ellen Residential Wood heating, despite being used by a small proportion of homes in NYS, has a disproportionate contribution to NY’s PM emissions inventory. Note that total PM emissions from Residential Wood Combustion are larger than all other residential or commercial heating sources. Residential wood combustion is even a larger source of PM than the electric generation, industrial, or mobile sources in NYS.

Framework 2015 NSPS creates opportunities to address the existing inventory and build markets for cleaner appliances Inventory of high emitting devices needs to be reduced Current programs are not sustained or coordinated National program with sustained funding is needed National program will only be effective if structured to incentivize the most effective strategies Wood Smoke Pollution Reduction Strategies (WSPRS) framework could serve as a guide with the recognition that agencies will need to tailor programs to reflect air quality and energy mix

Guiding Parameters Focus on removing the highest emitting units. Promote installation of the least polluting devices encourage early adoption of cleanest and most efficient new technologies Incorporate fuel neutral components Ensure technologies get anticipated reductions Provide flexibility to include a range of approaches Require use of best practices Require use of best test methods and give preferential treatment (e.g., higher cash incentives) to devices tested with methods that best replicate real world emissions Use sliding scale incentives to encourage purchase of high efficiency, low emission appliances. Ensure program supports participation of income qualified households The agency sponsoring the program should be aware that they are committing to a resource intensive activity in terms of administrative support

Bounty Programs Recognition that bounty programs are under utilized to reduce old inventory Typical programs are round up that allow units to be dropped off or picked up Programs could purchase from local sources Craig’s list Ebay Types of Eligible units Stoves Central heaters Prioritize removal of uncertified and exempt appliances, however, if funds allow, extend to any solid fueled appliance including coal units

Universe of Devices to Change-out Replacing cordwood or pellet wood appliances with a new demonstrably cleaner cordwood or pellet appliance Target removal of uncertified appliances Target removal of exempt appliances Replacing cordwood hydronic heaters or stoves with certified pellet- fired appliances Any NSPS certified appliance that doesn’t meet Step 1 standards or has proof (via permanent label or bill or sale) that the appliance is more than 15 years old Wood to non-wood change-out (non-wood appliance such as oil-, gas-, propane- fired heating system or air-sourced heat pump or ground-sourced heat pump) Prioritize removal of uncertified and exempt wood appliances, however, if funds allow, extend to any solid fueled appliance including coal units. Fireplaces Prioritize removal of uncertified and exempt appliances, however, if funds allow, extend to any solid fueled appliance including coal units.

Change-outs: Key Components For the unit changed out Validated destruction of removed device For the new technology Technology Installation Operation

Destruction Permanently render inoperable Document destruction drill holes into body of device Document destruction Photo Recycler receipts Affidavit

Change-out Technologies Air/ground source heat pumps Electric appliances Gas appliances Solar thermal Wood Pellet appliances with appropriate test methods Cordwood appliances in limited instances with lower incentives

Installation NO DIY installation Certified installer Wood Stoves NFI State Central Heating NY certification program

Operation Operator education/training Fuel storage Validate user training Fuel storage Pellets – outside storage Cordwood – split, stacked and covered storage Follow up service maintenance programs - service packs

Low Income Programs Incentives increased to cover 90% to 100% of total project costs Incentive for Tier 1 (highest efficiency, lowest emissions) units only Follow federal program guidelines, such as DOE’s low income home energy assistance program, WIC, and Medicaid, for qualification in the program

Recommended Incentives Space Heating Device type Performance level Incentive guidelines Bounty program – resale illegal Higher levels for drop off versus pick up $350/$200 Bounty program* – resale legal $500/$350 Ductless air source heat pumps EnergyStar or local utilities efficiency/rebate guidelines $2,000 Stove to renewable or liquid central heating Nat Gas/Propane Stoves -Canadian P4FE rating of >70%, direct vent, intermittent pilot $1,500 Pellet stoves Tier 1 -Emissions <2.0 grams per hour -Efficiency >75% based on stack loss method -need to specify acceptable test methods for program inclusion $1,200 Pellet stoves/insert Tier 2 -Emissions <3.25 grams per hour -Efficiency >70% based on stack loss method over all burn categories $750 Cordwood stoves Tier 1 -Emissions <2.0 grams per hour using approved cordwood test – not currently available -Efficiency >75% based on stack loss method -service plan Cordwood stoves Tier 2 -Emissions <3.25 grams per hour using approved cordwood test – not currently available -Efficiency >70% based on stack loss method -service plan $350

Recommended Incentives Fireplaces Device type Performance level Incentive guidelines Electric fireplace insert $100 EPA Qualified Fireplace Retrofit EPA Qualified Nat Gas/Propane log set Direct vent, intermittent pilot Nat Gas/Propane insert Canadian P4FE rating of >70% Direct vent Intermittent pilot $600 Cordwood insert Step 2 levels Validation wood use >5 cords per yr $300

Recommended Incentives Central Heating Device type Performance level Incentive guidelines Bounty* Any solid fuel device $1,500 Ground source heat pumps Utility efficiency/rebate guidelines $10,000 Ducted air source heat pump $5,000 Nat Gas/Propane central heat -AFUE >85% $4,000 Wood central heating -0.10 lb/MMBtu for automated units testing with EPA M28HH – requires that testing be conducted in all burn categories -0.20 for units testing with EPA M28 PTS with results in burn categories 1 and 4 -delivered efficiency including jacket losses >80% -Manual J sizing $3,000 automated systems   manual systems

Project Supported By

Stove Data Heating Technology Installed Costs Annual O&M Cost NOx lb/mmBtu CO lb/mmBtu PM lb/mmBtu Efficiency Uncertified Wood Stove NA $94 0.2 16.48 2.19 50% NSPS Tier 1 Cordwood Stove $4,031 $47 0.143 10.057 1.4 70% NSPS Tier 2 Cordwood Stove $4,231 0.170 1.443 0.050 75% NSPS Step 1 Pellet Stove $4,121 0.890 2.542 0.270 NSPS Step 2 Pellet Stove 0.136 1.390 0.058 Natural/Propane Gas Stove $2,690 $0   0.000005 80% Heat Pump (Stove Replacement) $4,500 Varies Varies  293%

Boiler Data Uncertified OWB $0 $500 0.064 104.000 13.500 28%   NOx lb/mmBtu CO lb/mmBtu PM lb/mmBtu Efficiency Uncertified OWB $0 $500 0.064 104.000 13.500 28% NSPS Step 1 Cordwood OWB $15,984 0.132 16.600 0.393 39% NSPS Step 2 Cordwood OWB $20,000 $299 0.171 3.750 0.163 56% NSPS Step 2 Cordwood Boiler w/ TS $24,000 $346 0.143 85% NSPS Step 1 Wood pellet boiler $22,000 $315 0.170 1.390 0.037 65% NSPS Step 2 Wood pellet boiler 0.030 0.023 73% NSPS Step 2 Wood pellet boiler w/TS $362 0.021 Natural Gas Boiler $8,000 $75 0.05000 0.000038 75% Propane Boiler Fuel Oil Boiler $131 0.00005 0.036 80%

Furnace Data Heating Technology Capital Annual O&M Cost NOx lb/mmBtu CO lb/mmBtu PM lb/mmBtu Efficiency Uncertified Wood Furnace $0 $150 0.064 8.486 1.472 28% NSPS Step 1 Cordwood Furnace $6,299 0.171 3.214 0.571 39% NSPS Step 2 Cordwood Furnace $6,599 0.404 0.071 56% Natural Gas Furnace $5,864 $75 0.092 0.039 0.002 75% Propane Furnace 0.158 0.022 0.011 Fuel Oil Furnace $5,677 0.145 0.036 0.003 69%