Chapter 17-World War II and Its Aftermath Section 5: The End of World War II Objectives: Describe the issues faced by the Allies after World War II ended. Summarize the organization of the United Nations. Analyze how new conflicts developed among the former Allies after World War II. What issues arose in the aftermath of World War II and how did new tensions develop?

Terms and People Nuremberg – city in Germany where Nazi war crimes trials were held. United Nations (UN) – the body of nations formed to promote world peace. (Replaces the ineffective League of Nations) Cold War – state of tension and hostility between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies; rarely resulted in direct armed conflict. Truman Doctrine – the policy of limiting communism to the areas already under Soviet control. Marshall Plan – massive aid package that funneled food and economic assistance to Europe to help with rebuilding after World War II. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) – a military alliance among several North Atlantic states to safeguard them from the presumed threat of the Soviet Union’s communist bloc. Warsaw Pact – the Soviet Union’s military alliance with seven satellite nations in Eastern Europe.

Estimated Casualties of World War II Military Dead Military Wounded Civilian Dead Allies Britain 264,000 277,000 93,000 France 213,000 400,000 350,000 China 1,310,000 1,753,000 1,000,000 Soviet Union 7,500,000 14,012,000 15,000,000 United States 292,000 672,000 6,000 Axis Powers Germany 3,500,000 5,000,000 780,000 Italy 242,000 66,000 153,000 Japan 1,300,000 4,000,000 Examine the chart. What do you notice / find interesting or surprising? Which nation suffered the greatest number of both civilian and military causalities? Answer: Soviet Union

The Allies needed to help these devastated countries. In 1945, Germany, Japan, China, the Soviet Union, and other countries were in ruins. Cities, factories, harbors, bridges, and railroads were destroyed. More than twenty million refugees wandered through Europe. Hunger, disease, and mental illness were rampant. The Allies needed to help these devastated countries.

Soviet Union Germany after WWII Berlin Hiroshima after U.S. atomic bomb

The full extent of the inhumanity of the Holocaust was revealed. At the Nuremberg trials, a number of Nazi leaders were tried for war crimes and sentenced to death. Similar trials were held in Japan. The Allies built new democratic governments in Germany and Japan to promote tolerance and peace. After the war, the horrors committed by the Axis powers became apparent to the world. Robert H. Jackson Chief of Counsel for the United States Nuremberg, Germany November 21, 1945.

The United Nations was another attempt to promote peace. In April 1945, delegates from 50 nations met to form a United Nations charter. Each nation had one vote. However, the five permanent members of the Security Council—the United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, and China—could veto any decision. The UN was given the authority to back up its resolutions with economic sanctions or send a peacekeeping military force. Flag of the United Nations In the meetings, American, British, Soviet, and Chinese officials hammered out proposals for how the United Nations would be organized. 8

Plans for world peace did not go smoothly as conflicts developed between the former Allies. Stalin ignored his promise. He wanted to spread communism and make Eastern Europe a buffer against Germany. The United States and Britain wanted Stalin to honor his promise to hold free elections in Soviet-occupied Eastern Europe. Conflicting ideologies and mutual distrust soon led to the Cold War.

By 1948, pro-Soviet communist governments were ruling in Eastern Europe, backed by the Red Army. New conflicts developed outside of Eastern Europe. Stalin was menacing Greece, and also Turkey in the Dardanelles. President Harry Truman set forth the Truman Doctrine. This policy said that communism should be limited to the areas already under Soviet control.

Containment is a geopolitical strategy to stop the expansion of an enemy. It is best known as the Cold War policy of the United States and its allies to prevent the spread of communism. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to increase communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Africa, and Vietnam.

The Marshall Plan provided food and economic assistance to decimated countries. Truman hoped the Marshall Plan would strengthen democratic governments. Stalin refused the aid and forbade Eastern European countries to accept aid. The United States helped relieve postwar hunger and poverty in Western Europe.

Germany became a focus of the Cold War. Western Allies united their zones of control and extended the Marshall Plan. The Soviets were furious at Western efforts to rebuild the German economy. Stalin held on to East Germany.

After more than a year, Stalin was forced to end the blockade. In an effort to drive Western powers out of Berlin, Stalin blocked delivery of supplies to the parts of the city they controlled in June 1948. The United States and Britain organized the Berlin Airlift to drop food and supplies into West Berlin. After more than a year, Stalin was forced to end the blockade. Hungry Berlin residents greet planes delivering supplies during the Berlin Airlift.

As tensions grew, two competing military alliances took shape. The Soviet Union and its satellites in Eastern Europe formed the Warsaw Pact. The Soviets often used Warsaw Pact troops to keep its satellites in order. Twelve countries, including the United States and nations in Western Europe, formed NATO. Members pledged to defend one another against Soviet attack.

What issues arose in the aftermath of World War II and how did new tensions develop? As many as 50 million people had been killed in World War II. After it ended, the Allies faced difficult decisions about the future. The United Nations was formed as a peacekeeping and humanitarian group. The U.S. Marshall Plan offered aid in rebuilding Europe. But the Soviet Union and the West quickly developed into worldwide rivals—the beginning of the Cold War.