Last Bellwork EVER!  After WWII, which countries remained dominant and powerful? Why do you think this is? What is the difference between a HOT war and a COLD war? Give a guess. During the WWII Conferences (Yalta & Potsdam), conflict increased between the US and USSR……why?? THINKER: The Cold War is characterized by an intense fear of communism. In your opinion, why were so many Americans scared of communism?

The Cold War 1945-1991 United States (US) vs The Cold War 1945-1991 United States (US) vs. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Democracy/Capitalism vs. Communism 2 2

Part I: Introduction Why did the US and USSR emerge as superpowers post-WWII? What did the US and USSR disagree on during the war conferences?

US/USSR Relationship during WWII Winston Churchill (England), Franklin Roosevelt (US) and Joseph Stalin (USSR) meet in Yalta in 1945 to decide the fate of post-war Europe. The establishment of the United Nations Division of Germany into four zones Elections in Eastern Europe (Poland) Promise to join the war against Japan *How did this lead to tension between the US and USSR? 4 4

US/USSR Relationship during WWII Before the Potsdam Conference in July 1945  Churchill was replaced by Clement Attlee and Truman became president. Stalin used this to his advantage! Attlee (England), Truman (US) and Stalin (USSR) meet in Potsdam in 1945 to formalize decisions made at Yalta. 5 5

Post-WWII Europe is destroyed. No longer is Germany, France or Great Britain the seat of power. Power has shifted to the United States and the Soviet Union. Land, strength of military, lack of debt The first place that the struggle for post-war domination will begin is Europe.

Cold War Characteristics A conflict of ideas without actual battlefields or armies facing off Political, strategic, economic, and ideological conflicts between the US and USSR (eventually spread throughout the world) War of ideologies: Capitalist Democracy vs. Communism Struggle that contained everything short of war Both aimed to spread their ideology and stop the others 8 8

Six major strategies were used by both sides: 1. 1. Brinkmanship 2. Espionage 3. Foreign aide 4. Alliances 5. Propaganda 6. Arms/Space Race 3. 2. 4. 5. 6. 9 9

US in the Cold War FEARS: Thought the Soviets wanted to expand globally Saw the Soviet Union as a threat to their way of life; especially after they gained control of Eastern Europe. GOALS Aide nations threatened by communism Promote democracy throughout the world, especially in Europe, Asia and Africa. Containment: Stop the spread of communism “Domino Theory” 10 10

USSR in the Cold War FEARS: Saw the U.S. as a threat to their way of life; especially after the use of the atomic bomb They felt that they had won World War II. They had sacrificed the most (25 million vs. 300,000 dead) and deserved “spoils of war.” GOALS Create greater security for itself Feared strong Germany  Establish defensible borders Encourage pro-Soviet govs. on its borders Satellite States (pol/econ linked to USSR) Spread communism around the world 11 11

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization In 1949 the western nations formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to coordinate their defense against USSR. Pledged signers to treat an attack against one, as an attack against all It originally consisted of: America - Holland Belgium - Italy Britain - Luxembourg Canada - Norway Denmark - Portugal France When West Germany joined in 1955, the Soviets responded….. NATO flag 12 12

Warsaw Pact Warsaw Pact: organization of communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. Established May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, Poland in response to NATO Founding members: Albania (left in 1961) - Poland Bulgaria - Romania Czechoslovakia - USSR (founding member) Hungary - East Germany (joined in 1956) 13 13

Proxy Wars A war instigated by a major power that does not itself become involved USSR and US gave military support & aide to other nations fighting on their behalf

Proxy Wars: China US supported nationalists; USSR supported communists Communists win = hostility towards US Mao Zedong in power

Proxy Wars: Korea Post-WWII Korea was divided along the 38th parallel North became communist with aide from USSR South became democratic with aide from US After three years of war  stalemate!

Korea today……

North Korea’s ‘Cult of Personality’ Kim Il Sung 1949-1994 Kim Jong Il 1994-2011 Kim Jong Un 2011-present

Proxy Wars: Vietnam Post-WWII Vietnam was divided along the 17th parallel North became communist with aide from USSR South was democratic with aide from US 10 years of US involvement, 211,000 American deaths, billions of dollars, division of public opinion = failure of containment!!! North was victorious and all of Vietnam fell to communism

Proxy Wars: Cuba 1959: Castro comes to power in Cuba by overthrowing the pro-US leader with aide from USSR USSR places missiles in Cuba  US places missiles in Turkey Able to avoid nuclear war Leads to closed door policy: complete cut-off of trade, travel, communication

Post-Cold War Globalization Process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture The globe becomes connected!!! Monument to Multiculturalism by Francesco Perilli in Toronto, Canada. Four identical sculptures are located in South Africa; China; Sarajevo, Bosnia and Australia

Effects of Globalization Population Density: Number of people living in an area of land https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xG-meaGqg-M

Effects of Globalization Deforestation: Removal of forest to acquire resources or establish farms, ranches or urban areas, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4jhjt1_eyM

Effects of Globalization Resource Scarcity: the lack of sufficient available resources to meet the demands of people Countries may acquire resources by force (often leads to conflict/wars – Middle East!) Water scarcity: More than 1.2 billion people lack access to clean drinking water https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zNdbj3PbX6o

Collectivization A system of farming where the government owned the land and distributed it to the peasants to work on Everything was shared Required civilians to live in communes

Effects of Collectivization Consolidated Stalin’s power 15 million died from torture or starvation.

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