G. H. Patel College of Engineering & Technology, V. V. Nagar Mass Transfer Operation-I (2150501) Membrane Separation Processes Guided By- Prof. Anand Metre Prepared By- Kasodariya Mayur (130110105011) Kaumil Panchal (130110105012) Kosha Desai (130110105013) Krupesh Patel (130110105014) Mayank Vithalani (130110105015)

Content Introduction Principle of Membrane Separation Classification of Membrane Separation Processes Membrane Separation Processes (MSP) Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis Nanofiltration Ultrafiltration Microfiltration Application of MFPs Advantages and Disadvantages References

INTRODUCTION Membrane Latin(membrana) - Skin. The membrane can be defined as a barrier which separates two phases and restricts transport of various chemicals in a selective manner. In other words, a structure having lateral dimensions much greater than its thickness, through which mass transfer may occur under a variety of driving forces. Selective barrier - It controls the exchange between the two regions adjacent to it in a very specific manner Contacting barrier - Its function is mainly to contact the two regions between which the transport occurs.

Principle of Membrane Separation  

CLASSIFICATION OF MEMBRANE SEPARATION PROCESSES (MSP) Pressure Driven Membrane Process: Reverse Osmosis (RO) (10-100 bar) Nanofiltration (NF) (10-70 bar) Ultrafiltration (UF) (1-10 bar) Microfiltration (MF) (0.5-2 bar) Pervaporation (PV) Membrane Gas Separation

Continued… Concentration Gradient Driven Membrane process: Dialysis Membrane Extraction Electrical Potential Driven Membrane Process: Electro Dialysis (ED)

Reverse Osmosis (RO) Osmosis is  a  process   where  a  weaker   saline  solution  will  tend  to  migrate  to  a  strong  saline  solution.  Examples  of  osmosis when  plant   roots absorb  water  from  the  soil our  kidneys  absorb  water  from  our  blood

Continued… Reverse Osmosis is the process of Osmosis in reverse. A   reverse  osmosis  membrane  is   a  semipermeable  membrane  that   allows  the  passage  of  water  mole cules   but  not  the  majority  of  dis solved  salts,  organics,  bacteria  and  pyrogens.

Microfiltration (MF) Microfiltration is defined as a membrane separation process using membranes with a pore size of approximately 0.03 to 10 microns, a molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of greater than 1000,000 Daltons and a relatively low feed water operating pressure of approximately 100 to 400 kPa. Materials removed by MF include sand, silt, clays, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium cysts, algae, and some bacterial species. By physically removing the pathogens, membrane filtration can significantly reduce chemical addition, such as chlorination.

Ultrafiltration (UF) Ultrafiltration is a selective separation step used to both concentrate and purify medium to high molecular weight components such as plant and dairy proteins, carbohydrates and enzymes. Ultrafiltration has a pore size of approximately 0.002 to 0.1 microns, an MWCO of approximately 10,000 to 100,000 daltons, and an operating pressure of approximately 200 to 700 kPa (30 to 100 psi). UF will remove all microbiological species removed by MF (partial removal of bacteria) and humic materials.

Nanofiltration (NF) Nanofiltration membranes have a nominal pore size of approximately 0.001 microns and an MWCO of 1,000 to 100,000 daltons. Operating pressures are usually near 600 kPa (90psi) and can be as high as 1,000 kPa. These systems can remove virtually all cysts, bacteria, viruses, and humic materials. NF also removes hardness from water, which accounts for NF membranes sometimes being called “softening membranes.”

REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) ULTRAFILTRATION (UF) NANOFILTRATION (NF) MICROFILTRATION (MF)

Applications of different Membrane separation Processes

Continued… Food & Beverage :Vegetable Products, Grain Products, Plant Extracts, Organic solvent recovery, Animal Products, Fish & Seafood Products, Biofood Industrial: Bio-chemicals, Distillery Products, Enzymes, Pigments and dyes, Fine Chemicals, Process Effluent Treatment, Mining Industry Pharmaceuticals, Water & Product Reclamation, Process Effluent Treatment, Recovery of CIP solutions

Advantages of Membrane Processes Appreciable energy savings Clean technology with operational ease Replaces the conventional processes Recovery of high value products Greater flexibility in designing systems Hybrid process development

Disadvantages of Membrane Processes Membrane fouling Upper solid limits Expensive

References Kaushik Nath, Membrane Separation Processes, PHI publication, July 2011 ,(Pg.no:1-15,52- 148) Binay K Dutta, Principles of Mass Transfer and Separation Processes PHI publication 2007, (Pg.no:728-822) Christine John Geankoplis, Transport Processes and Separation Processes Principles, Fourth Edition, PHI publication 2003, (Pg.no: 840-900) www.gea.com/global/en/binaries/general-membrane-filtration_tmc11-17109.pdf www.hinesburg.org/.../safewaterdotorg-info-nano-ultrafiltration-reverse-osmosis.pdf http://purtech.com/resources/basics-of-reverse-osmosis.pdf

Thank You