Chapter 1B Notes matter- anything that has mass and takes up space mass- the amount of matter in an object substance- matter with a definite and uniform composition -contains only one type of matter -substances have a chemical symbol or chemical formula -ex- sugar (all sugar is C12H22O11) -all identical substances have identical physical properties

physical property- quality of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the composition ex- color, odor, solubility, hardness, density, melting and boiling points *can help identify a substance

States of Matter solid- matter with a definite shape and volume, particles are closely packed making it incompressible liquid- matter that flows, has a fixed volume, and takes the shape of its container, incompressible gas- matter that takes both the shape and volume of its container, easily compressible because particles are spaced very far apart *gases are gases at room temperature

vapor- gaseous substance that is liquid or solid at room temperature Types of Changes: physical change- alters a given material without changing its composition -described by words like cutting, grinding, bending -are reversible ex- carving wood, melting ice, stretching rubber band

chemical change- results in a change in chemical composition of a substance -change is not reversible -described by words like burn, rot, rust, explode ex- wood burning, iron left out in the rain Indications of a chemical change: color change odor change gas/bubbles produced heat absorbed or released precipitate (solid) formed light produced

mixture- physical blend of two or more substances ex- salad, chicken soup, air, Kool-Aid Types of Mixtures 1) heterogeneous mixture- not uniform in composition, individual pieces can be separated ex- salad, chicken soup

2) homogeneous mixture- completely uniform in composition, the same throughout, individual pieces cannot be separated physically ex- salt water, Kool-Aid, soda *homo. mixtures are also known as solutions phase- any part of a system with uniform composition -homogeneous has a single phase -heterogeneous has 2 or more phases

Separating Mixtures Physical Methods -picking apart -filtration Distillation- a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor and condensed back to a liquid

-Substances can be classified as either elements or compounds element- the simplest form of matter that can exist under normal conditions -cannot be separated into simpler substances *look at periodic table

-Two or more elements can combine chemically with one another to form a: compound- substance that can be separated into two or more substances only by chemical means *CO2, H20

-There are over 100 known elements chemical symbol- one or two letter representation of an element -first letter is always capitalized -second letter, if used, is lower case -many are derived from Latin or Greek names for the elements

Elements to Know silver bismuth cobalt aluminum bromine fluorine argon carbon francium arsenic calcium gallium astatine cadmium germanium gold chlorine helium boron cesium hydrogen barium copper iodine beryllium chromium iron

krypton phosphorus tin lead platinum titanium lithium potassium tungsten magnesium radium xenon manganese radon zinc mercury selenium scandium neon silicon vanadium nickel sodium zirconium nitrogen strontium tellurium oxygen sulfur uranium rubidium antimony

chemical property- the quality of a substance to undergo chemical reactions and to form new substances -words describing are burn, rust, rot -indicators are color change, heat absorbed or released, gas produced, odor change chemical reaction- a process where one or more substances are changed into new substances

ex- hydrogen + oxygen → water 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O reactants products starting substance(s) substance(s) formed → reads as yields, gives you, produces ex- alka-seltzer, fireworks, leaves changing -all are irreversible

Law of Conservation of Mass -mass is neither created nor destroyed Law of Conservation of Mass -mass is neither created nor destroyed *mass of reactants = mass of products ex- 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O 3.7grams of hydrogen react with 42.8 grams of oxygen. How much water is produced? 3.7g +42.8g = 46.5g -since mass of react. = mass of prod. then there are 46.5g of water produced

2NH4NO3 → 2N2 + 3O2 + 4H2O 40g 14g 8g ? 40g = (14g + 8g) + x 40g-22g = x x = 18g