Ch 19: The Industrial Revolution Sections 3 and 4

I can explain what caused urbanization and what life was like in the new industrial cities

Social Impact of the Revolution Urbanization: movement of people to cities "coal vapor": black cloud which hung over factory towns like smog

tenements: multistory buildings divided into apartments No running water No sewage pipes diseases: contaminated water supplies led to cholera outbreaks in densely populated areas

labor unions: workers organizations (most were illegal at the time) which met in secret; purpose: initiate reforms (raise wages, improve conditions, etc.) Luddites: early terrorist group - masked textile workers who destroyed machines & burned factories in nightly raids - widely supported by the public

I can compare and contrast the industrial working class and the new middle class

Class Struggles Middle Class Working Class “Bourgeoisie” “nouveau riche” varied backgrounds merchant investors inventors Innovators Owners of the means of production Women stayed home to care for children Working Class “Proletariat” Worked in the factories Women had to work Children also worked

I can understand how the factory system and mines changed the way people worked

Sect. III: Social Impact of the Revolution Dangerous conditions for Children: 7 or 8 starting age (even 5), asked to change spools, crawl under operating machinery, crawling in smallest shafts "factory acts": laws passed early 1800s: required child workday NOT EXCEED 12 hrs & children under 8 or 9 couldn’t work in the mills!?

Sect. III: Social Impact of the Revolution Harsh Work Conditions: long days 12-16 hr shifts 6-7 day weeks dangerous factory machinery polluted factory/mine air injury or illness grounds for dismissal

Sect. III: Social Impact of the Revolution Worse conditions for Miners: better $, worse conditions than factories darkness, black lung explosions, flooding, & cave-ins crawl space sized tunnels & ladders in & out of shafts

I can analyze the benefits and challenges of industrialization.

Positive Effects of Industrial Rev Demand for goods led to more factories more jobs Competition over labor combined w/ bargaining rights better wages travel costs decreased

Sect. III: Social Impact of the Revolution Methodism: popular religion amongst the displaced working class John Wesley: founder of the Methodist religion Cornerstone of the religion is a deep sense of personal faith rooted in self improvement through the acceptance of sober & moral ways

I can understand laissez-faire economics and the beliefs of those who supported it

Sect. IV: New Ways of Thinking Thomas Malthus: British economist who study the population boom in Europe 'An Essay on the Principle of Population:’ A certain degree of poverty is unavoidable b/c the population is outpacing the earth’s capacity to sustain life Population grows at a geometric rate (1, 2, 4, 16, 32, etc) Food production increases at an arthritic rate (1, 2, 3, 4, etc) "natural" methods of correction: war, disease, & famine keep the population in “check”

Sect. IV: New Ways of Thinking David Ricardo: British laissez-faire economist "Iron Law of Wages” theory that mankind does not improve his standard of living with an increase in earnings, but tends to have more offspring

I can describe the doctrine of utilitarianism

Sect. IV: New Ways of Thinking Jeremy Bentham: British philosopher & economist Advocated utilitarianism goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” of its citizens All laws & actions judged on basis of their “utility” or usefulness Valued individual freedom

Sect. IV: New Ways of Thinking John Stuart Mill: British philosopher & economist Like Bentham an advocate of individual freedom…BUT not at the expense of others! Government should prevent business/factory owners from profiting at the expense or harm of others

I can summarize the theories of socialism

Sect. IV: New Ways of Thinking Socialism: ideology in which people as a whole control the ‘means of production’: farms, factories, railroads, etc. - in the end “all share” in the profits Government owns means of production Early Socialists were called …Utopians Core belief: when people are equal you remove primary reason for jealousy & fighting

Sect. IV: New Ways of Thinking Robert Owen: British social reformer Utopians: idealists who believed they could make society better Est. textile mill in Lanark, Scotland as a ‘model village’: reduced hrs, built housing, started a school, opened a company store

Sect. IV: New Ways of Thinking Karl Marx: German philosopher who developed ‘scientific socialism’- code for communism ' Communist Manifesto': pamphlet written by Marx (& Engels) in 1848 which outlined an “inevitable class struggle” that would result in pure communism Utopians = idealistic dreamers

Sect. IV: New Ways of Thinking Communism: a classless society where all ‘means of production’ are owned by the community "Haves”: the bourgeoisie of industrialized Europe “Have-nots”: the proletariat: working class “Workers of the World - Unite!”

Sect. IV: New Ways of Thinking social democracy: political ideology where a gradual (peaceful) transition from democracy to socialism occurs German movement: Marx’s ideas took hold in Germany during the 1860s

Sect. IV: New Ways of Thinking Russian movement: late 1800s Russians embraced Marxism eventually leading to Russian Revolution in 1917 Marxism loses appeal: Marx’s ideas have largely been proved flawed - people are more united over nationalism than class struggle Nearly every national economy the world over includes elements of free-market capitalism