Diversity Amid Globalization Chapter 9 Lecture Diversity Amid Globalization 6th Edition The Russian Domain Sandra Zupan University of Kentucky

Learning Objectives Explain the close connection among latitude, regional climates, and agricultural production in Russia. Describe the major environmental issues affecting residents of the region. Identify the potential benefits and hazards of global warming within the region. Summarize major migration patterns, both in Soviet and in post-Soviet eras.

Learning Objectives (Continued) Explain major urban land-use patterns in a large city such as Moscow. Describe the major phases of Russian expansion across Eurasia. Identify the key regional patterns of linguistic and religious diversity. Summarize the historical roots of the region’s modern geopolitical system.

Learning Objectives (Continued) Provide examples of how persistent cultural differences shape contemporary geopolitical tensions. Identify key ways in which natural resources, including energy, have shaped economic development in the region. Describe the key sectors of the Soviet-era economy and list major changes that have shaped the region’s economy since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Key Concepts Oligarchs Slavic peoples Podzol and chernozem soils Taiga Permafrost Trans-Siberian and BAM Railroads Tsars Gulag Archipelago Russification Mikrorayons Dacha Slavic peoples Eastern Orthodox Christianity Communism Socialist state Autonomous areas Glasnost Perestroika CIS Denuclearization Pussy Riot Centralized economic planning

Setting the Boundaries The vast northern half of Eurasia Geographical and historical richness Rapid political and economic change Oligarchs New global relationships Persisting Russian influence

The Russian Domain Russia Belarus Ukraine Moldova Georgia Armenia

Images of the Russian Domain Cossack Warriors Soviet-Era Design

Climate Continental climates Large temperature variations

A Diverse Physical Setting The European West River systems Podzol and chernozem soils The Ural Mountains and Siberia Taiga Permafrost The Russian Far East The Caucasus and Transcaucasus

Natural Settings Boreal Forest Kamchatka Peninsula

Agricultural Regions Harsh Climate and Poor Soils

Environmental Issues Air/water pollution Heavy metals Nuclear waste

Post-Soviet Challenges Industrial Pollution Degraded Water Resources

Climate Change Potential economic benefits Potential hazards Northern sea route Potential hazards Wildfires Ecosystem disruptions Rising sea levels Permafrost thaw Northern Ports

Population Distribution Population Clusters in the West

Population Indicators Imbalance between East and West Low birth rates and higher death rates

The European Core: Cities Metropolitan Moscow Kiev

Siberian Hinterland Trans-Siberian railroad BAM railroad Mirny, Siberia

Migration Eastward movement Political motives Railroad systems Tsars Political motives Gulag Archipelago Russification New international movements Chinese Immigrants

Recent Migration Patterns

The Urban Attraction Soviet-era planning Since 1989 Moscow Specialized industrial cities Since 1989 Mobility New economic realities Immigrants in Moscow

Urban Form Mix of influences City core Peripheral housing Mikrorayons Elite dacha Downtown Moscow

Demographic Crisis Population Loss Since the Early 1990s

The Legacy of Slavic Dominance Slavic Peoples and Eastern Orthodox Christianity

Languages of the Russian Domain

Complex Linguistic Patterns Russians in Ukraine Caucasus Region

Ethnic and Religious Diversity Minority Evenki Russian Orthodox Church

Cultural Diversity Kazan Mosque Ukrainian Pop Star

Soviet-Era Geopolitics Bolsheviks Communism Socialist state Autonomous areas “Iron Curtain” Glasnost Perestroika

Current Geopolitical Framework

Putin’s Prominence Vladimir Putin 2014 Winter Olympics

Current Geopolitics and Civil Liberties Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Denuclearization Interference with Ukraine’s affairs Regional tensions Anti-Putin protests Pussy Riot

The Shifting Global Setting Border issues with China Post–Cold War power struggles Russian exclave Global political status

Economic Development Centralized economic planning Post-Soviet economy and privatization Corruption

Natural Resources and Industry

Development Issues: Healthcare and Alcohol

Challenges for Women Gender pay disparities Political underrepresentation Violence against women Human trafficking and sex industry FEMEN Protest

Economic Globalization Globalized consumption Foreign investment Oil and gas industry Varied local impacts Investment and Growth in Novosibirsk