Mexico Chapter 10 Section 1

I. Colonialism and Independence Native Americans and the Spanish Conquest Toltecs, Maya, and Aztecs lived in present-day Mexico Spanish Conquest 1519 Hernando Cortes (Spain) and conquered the Aztec city Tenochtitlan (present-day Mexico City)

Spain ruled and gained gold, silver, and slaves Colony and Country Spain ruled and gained gold, silver, and slaves 1821 Mexico achieves independence Benito Juarez – became president (1850s) and worked to end inequality Inequality The rich owned most of the land and the peasants worked for them Juarez wanted to redistribute some of this land = more equal Profirio Diaz Very corrupt/harsh Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata fought against him New Constitution – 1917 More equality

Benito Juarez Emiliano Zapata Pancho Villa

1929 – Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) One-Party Rule 1929 – Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) Introduced democracy and political stability Redistributed land to the peasants They had no competition = fraud and corruption 2000 – Vicente Fox wins election for the National Action Party Showed that Mexico is becoming more democratic 2012 – Enrique Pena Nieto is the current president

II. A Meeting of Cultures The Aztecs and the Spanish Aztec had an advanced civilization in Tenochtitlan Temples, gardens, and canal systems Cortes and the conquistadores demolished Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City on top Roman Catholicism and Spanish language became common Mestizo culture is important; native roots

Mexican Painters Diego Rivera Frida Kahlo Used public places to paint murals of Mexico’s history and political struggle Frida Kahlo Painted her mestizo heritage and struggle for independence as a Mexican woman

III. Economics: Cities and Factories Challenges: Huge gap between rich and poor Shift from agriculture to industry Population and the Cities: People moving to cities because of push/pull factors (see Ch. 9 Sec. 3 notes) Population is young and growing – 122.3 million people

Population What age range are most people in Mexico? About how many females are ages 45-49? About how many males are ages 25-29?

Oil along the Gulf Coast = money for industrial development Oil and Manufacturing Oil along the Gulf Coast = money for industrial development Maquiladoras Take imported materials and make finished products that are exported to the U.S. Electronics, cars, furniture, and clothing NAFTA Partnership between North American countries – Canada, U.S., and Mexico Tariffs (taxes) on manufactured goods are reduced (cheaper!) so they like to trade with each other

IV. Mexican Life Today Emigration (moving out of Mexico) Many people leave Mexico for the U.S. for more opportunity Separates families People send money home to their families – improve living conditions 2013 – 11.6 million Mexican immigrants in the U.S. Work and School Young population = more competition for jobs = shortage Young population = pressure on education systems Education is important for skills/successful in industrialized society