Upcoming Events Tonight: Success Talks Ashlee Pitts ‘15 of Teach for America : 6PM Trustees Room Ayca Arkilic Lunch w/ PS IR majors (Oak Room) Tuesday Noon Talk 4.15 Tuesday, 2/21 GDH 303 Between Homeland and Host States: Turkey’s Diaspora Policies and Immigrant Political Participation in France and Germany Lecia Brooks: Communicating Across Hate Tuesday 2/21 4.00 Alumni Hall 7.30 Temple Sholom, 665 W. North Street

Quiz 1. The family of Nakata Khaula, author of Veil: the View from Inside, comes from what country? 2. In the Politics of the Veil Joan Scott’s discusses limitations on the wearing of the veil in French A. Schools B. Airports C. military units D. drag shows

Alternative Democratic Secularisms Democratization— ---Will religious actors support or oppose the democratic institutions? ---Will religion serve to build social capital, a vibrant civil society, and the social norms needed for democracy to function effectively? Within a democracy, what principles will guide the relationship between religious actors and the state? The U.S. and French models of secularism French model grows out of a much more conflictual history than Americans are used to. A dominant church that attempts to assert broad social powers versus a militantly anti-clerical political tradition.

U.S. 1. No dominant religious majority 9 of the 13 colonies had established churches 6 Anglican, 3 Congregational (Puritan) First “great awakening” 0f the 1730s and 40s, leads to rapid growth of Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians Quakers and Catholics are also a significant presence In the New Republic, No group is large enough to feel confident that it could control the government on its own Madison’s argument for a “large Republic” in Federalist 10 2. No Fundamental Conflict Between Religion, the Revolution, and Democratization Many religious groups support the revolution Revolution does not adopt an anticlerical approach

U.S. Key Question— How can a multitude of religious factions coexist? Answer: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.

France 1. Cultural Dominance of the Catholic Church Census of 1870 Claims 35.3 million of 36 million French citizens were Catholic Catholic Church asserts its right to state support, control of education and morals 2. Catholic Church in conflict with the Revolution and Democratization Anticlericalism in the tradition of Voltaire and Rousseau a major force in Republicanism and the Left

Church/State Conflict in the French Revolution De Tocqueville: “It was far less as a religious faith than as a political institution that Christianity provoked these violent attacks. The Church was hated because it occupied the most powerful, privileged position in the old order that was now to be swept away.” 1790-Clergy required to take an oath of loyalty to the state and nation Many clergy refuse and about 3,000 go to the guillotine Church lands expropriated 1798-French troops seize the Pope and bring him back to France Vendee-Powerful counterrevolutionary uprising

A Century of Struggle Between the Church and Anticlerical Forces 1801- Napoleon Signs “Concordat” with Pope Pius VII Recognizes Catholicism as the majority religion State retains church lands, appoints bishops, pays clergy, and requires clergy to sign a loyalty oath 1814-Defeat of Napoleon, Restoration of the Monarchy Church regains more privileges, 1816 Divorce again banned, 1850 restrictions on religious education eased. 1870-Third Republic and growing strength of the anticlerical position Law of 1905 --Required churches to register with the state as local “associations” --Ends state funding of religion (ceased to pay 42,000 priests) ---Most church buildings (except those built entirely with private funds) become state property

France Key Question: How to protect citizens from the dominating influence of the Catholic Church? Answer: Laicite What does this entail? How does it differ from American ideas of church state relations?

Laicite Separation of Church and State Includes “state’s protection of individuals from the claims of religion.” (15) This may involve regulation of religion. For example, the regulation of “cults.” (Scientology, for example) To be acceptable, religion must be a private matter; “it must not be displayed “conspicuously” in public places, especially schools, the place where inculcation of Republican ideals began.” (15) Locke (U.S.) vs. Rousseau (France) Locke Freedom as protection of private life (life, liberty, and property) against the state Rousseau: Freedom in the public sphere As citizens people leave behind their partial perspectives to participate as equals Abstract Universalism Versus American “multiculturalism” acknowledgement of partial associations, identities, versus “communalism”

Why is the “veil” perceived to be a threat? Potent symbol The word hijab comes from the Arabic for veil and is used to describe the headscarves worn by Muslim women. These scarves, regarded by many Muslims as a symbol of both religion and womanhood, come in a myriad of styles and colours. The type most commonly worn in the West is a square scarf that covers the head and neck but leaves the face clear. (BBC)

Nakata Khaula What is your reaction to her account of life “inside” the veil? What questions does it raise for you?

How about these women? Conservative choice The niqab is a veil for the face that leaves the area around the eyes clear. However, it may be worn with a separate eye veil. It is worn with an accompanying headscarf. The burka is the most concealing of all Islamic veils. It covers the entire face and body, leaving just a mesh screen to see through. There have been attempts to ban both the niqab and burka in some European countries.