How does the art of rhetoric make speeches captivating? 2.21 – Structure of an Argument

LT & Agenda As a litterateur, I can analyze the structure of an argumentative speech and analyze the speaker’s use of rhetoric and rhetorical devices in order to inform my own construction of an argumentative speech. Agenda: LT/Energizer/HW Mike Smith Structure of an Argument Notes – aphorism, anaphora, analogy, rhetorical qu Patrick Henry’s Speech to the Virginia Convention Reading 1: Summarize paragraphs Reading 2: Rhetorical Devices Reading 3: Argumentative Structure Homework – Speech Overview

Entering the Classroom I expect you to be ready to begin class when the bell rings. To this end, please: grab your Springboard book from the shelf. grab a highlighter from the bin Take out a writing utensil and your Energizer notebook Please put away any electronic devices.

In your Energizer Notebook… Record today’s learning target – As a litterateur, I can analyze the structure of an argumentative speech and the speaker’s use of rhetoric and rhetorical devices in order to inform my own construction of an argumentative speech. HW: Argumentative Speech Planning And answer today’s Energizer: What is the assessment for this unit? What is rhetoric? What are rhetorical devices, and why do you need to be able to use them in your speech? #checkyournotes #checkyourbook

What makes Mike Smith a captivating speaker? Rhetorical Context – what informs our understanding of this speech? Rhetorical Devices – which did you hear? Structure – claim, support, counterclaim, refutation, conclusion

Review – The Structure of an Argument The 5 “have to’s” of argumentative writing: Claim (acknowledge your point & purpose) Support (body paragraphs – evidence, reasoning) Counterclaim (acknowledge opposite viewpoint) Refutation (shoot down the counterclaim with reasoning and evidence) Conclusion (revisit your point/purpose/principle and remind audience how you hope they’ll think/act going forward)

Today’s Rhetorical Devices Aphorism A short statement expressing an opinion or general truth Example: “Each word we speak, each deed we do, has the power to make an immeasurable difference.” – Houston Kraft “… let us judge not, that we be not judged.” ~ Lincoln ‘Be the change you wish to see in the world.” – Gandhi

Rhetorical Device #2 Allusion A indirect reference made to a well-known person, event, or place from history, music, art, etc. that the author feels should be well- known Example: Jonah & the apple

Analogy Rhetorical Devices #3 A comparison between two things for the purpose of drawing conclusions on one based on its similarities to the other Example: "If you want my final opinion on the mystery of life and all that, I can give it to you in a nutshell. The universe is like a safe to which there is a combination. But the combination is locked up in the safe.“ ~ Peter De Vries, Let Me Count the Ways

Rhetorical Device #4 Rhetorical Question A question that is asked for effect or one for which the answer is obvious Example: What is your legacy going to be?

Listening, Reading, and T2Ting Reading One T2Ts: Key words, difficult words, questions, rhetorical context (speaker, occasion, audience, purpose, subject, tone) Pause for summary: what is he saying in each paragraph? Reading Two Highlight for rhetorical devices Aphorism, Allusion, Analogy, Rhetorical Questions Alliteration, Anaphora, Parallel Structure

The Structure of His Argument What is Patrick Henry’s claim? What is the main point of his argument? Work with your table partner to write out your claim on an index card

The Structure of Henry’s Argument What are the other parts of Henry’s argument? Hearts: Support  find his supporting ideas and underline them in blue, labeling them either evidence or reasoning Spades: Counterclaim  find where he acknowledges the opposing side and underline it in blue, labeling it “counterclaim” Clubs: Refutation  find where he challenges the opposing side with additional evidence and/or reasoning, underlining and labeling it “refutation” Diamonds: Conclusion  Near the end, find where Henry reminds his audience of his claim and reminds them how to act moving forward

The Full Speech

Embedded Assessment 2 Prep (Homework/Work Time) “Speech Planning: Overview” Handout Plan an overview of your potential speech What’s your claim going to be? How are you going to support it? How will you address the opposing viewpoint? How will you speak to refute it? How will you conclude your speech? What do you want people to continue thinking about after they’ve heard you speak?