Phases of Matter

What is a property? Property any type of characteristic or trait of matter that can be identified by observation and the use of your senses. Ex: density, mass, and volume, texture, smell, touch, color, odor

Two Types of Properties Physical and Chemical 1. Physical Properties: Characteristics that do not change the substance. No new substance is formed! They are observed using our senses. It distinguishes one type of matter from another. Ex: mass, weight, volume, density, melting point, boiling point, color, odor, texture, ductility

2. Chemical Properties: Property by which a chemical change occurs! A new substance can be formed! How can you tell there was a substance change? You can see: flames, smoke, bubbling You can hear: crackling, fizzing A new substance will be formed. The matter cannot be returned to its original form. Ex: reacts with water, iron into rust, pancake mix to a pancake, flammability, combustion, oxidation

Physical and Chemical Changes of Matter Physical Change: Is a change of substance based on size or identity but the actual substance is still the same Ex: glass breaking, separating gravel from sand, cutting grass, dissolving into liquid How do you identify one? The substance has not changed its identity!

2. Chemical Change: A complete change in substance, having different properties and cannot be returned to the original substance Ex: burning leaves, reacts with water, combustion, corrosion, making pancakes! Yum! How do you identify one? There was a color change Change in temperature Bubbling Flame Odor given off

States of Matter and Descriptions of Characteristics 4 states of matter: Solid, liquid, gas and plasma 1. Solid: Structure is a regular repeating pattern known as a crystal. Definite shape and definite volume Tightly packed and can vibrate Some solids do not keep definite shapes and they are called amorphous Ex: glass

Liquid 2. Liquid: Particles have an attraction for each other Takes shape of it’s container it is placed in to the highest volume no definite shape definite volume Has viscosity: the resistance of a liquid to flow

Gas 3. Gas Gas particles spread away from each other and can be pushed very close together They are in constant motion No definite shape, takes all available space in a container NO definite Volume can change

Plasma 4. Plasma Very dangerous and extremely high ionized gas in high energy Most commonly found in the universe Plasma makes up the sun and stars On Earth it creates lightening and flames

Which of the following is a solid, liquid, gas? A. B. C.

Phase Changes A change of a substance from one state to another is called: phase change During phase changes: Temperature of the matter remains constant!  You will notice it is placed on the plateau of a line graph.

Phase Change Diagrams Heating Curve

Phase Change Diagrams There are two diagrams for expressing phase changes: Heating Curve: when increasing temperature is added to matter, going from a solid, liquid to gas Cooling Curve: when temperature is taken away from matter, going from a gas, liquid, to solid

Freezing This Phase Change is called Freezing Freezing Point, the phase change at which the temperature of a liquid and a solid are in an equilibrium, matter is losing energy, matter changes from a liquid state to a solid state This phase change is found on the Plateau Freezing point of water: 0ºC

Fusion (Melting) When the matter is gaining energy from a solid state it is called Fusion (Melting) This will be found on a plateau of a Phase Change diagram between a liquid and solid state. Melting Point, phase change at which the temperature of a liquid and a solid are in an equilibrium, matter is gaining energy. Melting point for ice: 0ºC

Vaporization Vaporization, is a phase change at which a liquid and a gas are in an equilibrium, a substance changes from a liquid to a gas (water boils) Vaporization/Boiling Point of Water: 100ºC Matter gains energy (heat) It is found on the plateau of a Phase Change diagram between a liquid and gas state. This means:

Evaporation liquid from the surface vaporize like the surface water from a lake evaporates from its body of water from the water cycle.

Condensation Condensation, is a phase change at which a gas and liquid are in an equilibrium, a substance changes from a gas to a liquid(water vapor is condensing) Matter loses energy (heat) Temperature drops This phase is found on a plateau of a Phase Change diagram This means:

Name ______________________ Date: 10/22 Quick Write Time (s) Name ______________________ Date: 10/22 Quick Write Label the Boiling Point of water with the letter B. Label the Melting Point of water with the letter M. Label the phase changes on the arrows. Label the three States of Matter of water. Name ______________________

Label the states of matter on the diagram. Time (s) Label the states of matter on the diagram. Label the Phase Changes on the diagram. What is the Boiling Point of Water? What is the Melting Point of water? During a phase change what occurs to the temperature of the water? How can you observe this on a phase change diagram?

Label the states of matter on the diagram. Time (s) Label the states of matter on the diagram. Label the Phase Changes on the diagram. What is the Boiling Point of Water? What is the Melting Point of water? During a phase change what occurs to the temperature of the water? How can you observe this on a phase change diagram?

When heat is added to a solid When heat is taken away from a liquid Phase Change Diagrams Warming Curve Cooling Curve When heat is added to a solid When heat is taken away from a liquid Fusion (melting) Solidification Vaporization Condensation

boyles_law_graph_small As the pressure on a fixed gas increases, the volume decreases. As the pressure on a fixed amount of gas molecules decreases then the volume increase. Pressure  Volume = is inverse relationship P1V1 = P2V2 (T = constant ) boyles_law_graph_small

Charles’s Law The volume of a gas is directly proportional to temperature. As the temperature of a gas increases the volume of the gas increases! CharlesLawtgV82

Charles’s Law P = constant

Converting Temperatures and Scaling Your Graphs Equation Celsius = (F - 32) x (5/9) Fahrenheit = (C x 9/5) + 32 How to Scale your Graph! Take the largest recorded temperature and divide it by the number of boxes on the axis you are labeling. You must scale your axis to the end of the graph paper!

Examples of Physical Properties Ductility: ability to drawn into wire Ex: copper drawn into wire to conduct electricity Boiling point: temperature at which a liquid turns to gas Ex: water boils at 100 degrees C Melting point: temperature at which a solid turns to liquid Ex: water melts at −0.0001 °C Malleability: Ability to be pounded into thin sheets Ex: aluminum can be shaped into thin sheets

Solubility: Ability for one substance to dissolve into another Ex: Kool Aide can dissolve into water Elasticity: ability to be stretched or compressed and return to original size Ex: rubber Transparency: enabling light to pass Ex: a leaf Brittleness: ability to crack or break Ex: egg shell