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Page 39 Page 38 The seasons are caused by changes in the amount of solar energy a place receives throughout the year. The amount of energy received depends on two things: 1- The Amount of Sunlight Received ● Because Earth’s axis is tilted, the amount of sunlight an area receives varies depending on how Earth’s axis is pointing relative to the sun. The hemisphere near the axis that is pointing towards the sun receives more sunlight (has longer days), while the hemisphere near the axis pointing away from the sun receives less sunlight (has longer nights). 2- The Angle of Impact of Sunlight ●Where sunlight hits Earth at a direct angle, the energy is concentrated (so it is warmer). Where the angle is steeper, the energy is spread over a larger area (so it is cooler). Summer in the Northern Hemisphere: ● The northern axis is pointing towards the sun giving the Northern Hemisphere more sunlight and longer days. ● Sunlight hits the Northern Hemisphere at a direct angle, so the temperature is warmer . Winter in the Northern Hemisphere: ● The northern axis is pointing away from the sun giving the Northern Hemisphere less sunlight and longer nights. ● Sunlight hits the Northern Hemisphere at a steep angle, so the temperature is cooler . Fall and Spring in the Northern Hemisphere: ● During these seasons, neither part of the axis is pointed toward the sun so both hemispheres get an equal amount of direct sunlight.
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Pg. 94: Pg. 95: 1/11 How minerals form: Crystallization is the process where atoms are arranged to form a material with a crystal structure. When crystallization happens, minerals are formed. Minerals can form through crystallization in two ways: 1. Minerals form from magma and lava. When molten (melted) material cools down, crystallization occurs. The size of the crystals depends on how fast the material cools. (aka: cooling rate) •Magma •Lava Below ground At/near surface Cools slowly cools rapidly larger crystals smaller crystals 2. Elements or compounds that form minerals can be dissolved in water to form a solution. When the particles leave the solution, crystallization occurs. Minerals can form from solutions in two ways: •Evaporation •Hot Water Solutions Water with minerals When hot water that in it evaporates, has minerals dissolved leaving crystals of the in it cools down, (Cooling rate mineral behind. crystals form. Also impacts size.)
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