Anatomy and Physiology (AP) Orientation of the Body

Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology: Marieb Online Textbook http://wps.aw.com/wps/media/objects/5382/5512191/ebook/htm/0ehap9.htm

Word Dissection – Using the word roots, find the literal meaning and give an example, using a word found in the chapter Ana Chondro Corona Cyto Epi Gastr Histo Homeo Hypo lumbus Meta Ology Org Para Parie Pathy Peri Stasis Tomy Venter viscus

Anatomy Study of structure and relationship among structures Example: Where is the tibia? Where is the fibula in relation to the tibia?

Types of Anatomy Gross Regional Systemic Surface

Types of Anatomy Microscopic Histology cytology Histology or the study of tissues or cytology the study of cells. Can not be seen by the naked eye.

Types of Anatomy Developmental Embryology – before birth Pathological - structural changes caused by disease Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout life span. Embryology show changes before birth. Pathological show structural changes caused by disease.

Physiology Study of function of body parts Renal physiology studies kidney function and urine production - focuses a great deal on cellular level due to function depending on individual cells

6 Levels of Structural Organization Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ System Organism Chemical- atoms form molecules of H20, protiens, and essentials, cells –vary depending on function tissues – groups of similar cells organ 4 types epithelial, nervous, muscle and connective-organ- has at least two tissue types ex: heart system – more than one organ working together for the same function ex: digestive: liver and stomach

8 Major life processes Metabolism Responsiveness/Irritability Movement Digestion Excretion Growth Reproduction Maintaining Boundaries Metabolism – all chemical rxns (respiration, anabolism, catabolism(break down)) movement – activities promoted by muscular, skeletal, vascular

Homeostasis Body’s internal environment remains within certain physiological limits Every organs system plays a role- dynamic state of equilibrium or balance

Interdependent components of homeostatic control mechanisms Variable Stimuli Receptor Control center Effector Receptor – monitors environment and responds to changes or stimuli –information from receptor to control center by afferent pathway – control center determines set point at which variable is to be maintained analyzes input and determines appropriate response effector – determines the output or response to stimulus via efferent pathway

Components defined: Stimulus– produces a change to variable Receptor– detects the change. Input– information travels along the (afferent) pathway to the control center. Output– information sent from the control center travels down the (efferent) pathway to the effector. Response– a response from the effector balances out the original stimulus to maintain homeostasis.

Control Mechanisms – Test Essay Question Negative Feedback Positive Feedback Most are (-)body temp., regulated by nervous system like a thermostat. Prevent sudden severe changes in the body (+)enhances or exagerates original stimulus ex:blood clotting cascade effect

Negative Feedback Regulatory mechanism in which a stimulus causes an opposite output in order to maintain homeostasis Examples?

Positive Feeback Regulatory mechanism in which a stimulus causes an enhanced or intensified the original stimulus in order to maintain homeostasis Examples?

Systems Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive

Homework!!! List the major organs and structures in each of the major organ systems. Give the major functions of each of the major organ systems.

Body Cavities Dorsal – holds nervous system organs Cranial Cavity Vertebral (Spinal) Cavity Dorsal cavity consists of the organs in the cranial and vertebral cavities located near the posterior surface of the body. It is further subdivided into a CRANIAL CAVITY and a VERTEBRAL CANAL. CRANIAL CAVITY is a bony cavity formed by the skull. It contains the brain. B. The VERTEBRAL CANAL is also called the SPINAL CANAL. It is a bony cavity formed by the vertebrae of the backbone. It contains the spinal cord. Since the spinal cord emerges from the brain, the cranial and vertebral cavities are continuous with one another.

Body Cavities Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic Cavity – Pleural/Pericardial Abdominopelvic cavity – Abdominal/Pelvic Visceral Organs Diaphragm Ventral cavity consists of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavitiesis located in the anterior part of the body. The ventral body cavity walls are made of skin, connective tissue, bone, and muscles. The organs inside the ventral body cavity are called the VISCERA. The ventral body cavity is further subdivided into the THORACIC and ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITIES by the DIAPHRAGM, a large, dome-shaped muscle used in breathing. The THORACIC CAVITY (see FIG. 1.7) is surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest. It is further subdivided into the two PLEURAL CAVITIES and the MEDIASTINUM. Each PLEURAL CAVITY contains one lung. The MEDIASTINUM is medial to the pleural cavities. The mediastinum is not a cavity. It is defined as a region or mass of tissue that extends from the breastbone (sternum) to the vertebral column. The mediastinum contains the PERICARDIAL CAVITY, which encloses the heart. The mediastinum also contains other thoracic organs & structures  (for example:  the thymus, aorta and esophagus) The ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY (FIGS. 1.6 & 1.8) is inferior to the thoracic cavity and the diaphragm. The abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided into two portions, which are not separated by any physical partition. The superior portion is the ABDOMINAL CAVITY, which contains the stomach, small intestine, part of the large intestine, spleen, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas. The inferior part is the PELVIC CAVITY, which contains the urinary bladder, the internal male and female reproductive organs, and the lower part of the large intestine.

Serous Membranes Parietal Visceral Serous Fluid Naming of membranes Inflammation of membranes The walls of the VENTRAL BODY CAVITY and the outer surfaces of the organs inside it are covered with an extremely thin tissue membrane called the SEROSA or SEROUS MEMBRANE. The serous membrane is an EPITHELIAL TISSUE MEMBRANE consisting of AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE covered by SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM. (See TABLE 3.1, page 60) The serous membrane in the pleural (lung) cavity is called PLEURA. The serous membrane in the pericardial (heart) cavity is called PERICARDIUM. The serous membrane in the abdominopelvic cavity is called PERITONEUM. The part of the serous membrane that lines the ventral body cavity walls is called the PARIETAL SEROSA. The parietal serosa is continuous with the VISCERAL SEROSA, which covers the organs (VISCERA) within the cavity. The POTENTIAL SPACE between the parietal and visceral serosa contains a thin lubricating fluid, called SEROUS FLUID, which reduces friction between organs within the body cavity. Example:

Other body cavities Oral and Digestive Nasal Orbital Middle Ear Synovial Synovial cavity – joint cavity

Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants Umbilical Epigastric Hypogastric Iliac (R/L) Lumber (R/L) Hypochondriac (R/L) 1. The UMBILICAL REGION is deep to and surrounding the navel. 2. The EPIGASTRIC REGION is superior to the umbilical region. 3. The HYPOGASTRIC (pubic) REGION is inferior to the umbilical region. 4. The RIGHT and LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGIONS are lateral to the epigastric region. 5. The RIGHT and LEFT LUMBAR REGIONS are lateral to the umbilical region. 6. The RIGHT and LEFT ILIAC (inguinal) REGIONS are lateral to the hypogastric region.

Quadrants Right Upper Left Upper Right Lower Left Lower

Papers to be collected before test Worksheet page 7,8,11,71 Regions Coloring Homeostasis video responses Systems Coloring Word roots with literal meaning and example.