The Protestant Reformation

Causes of the Reformation 100 Years War and Black Death Scientific Advances which contradicted the Church The Corruption within the Catholic Church

Catholicism in the 1400s Dissatisfaction Financing Basilica Roman Catholic Church—influential, extravagant, and worldly Some people felt church straying from spiritual roots Concerns crystallized into the Protestant Reformation Financial corruption, abuse of power, immorality People’s respect for priests, monks, popes weakened Heavy taxation also caused discontent Dissatisfaction Pope Leo X approved sale of indulgences Needed money for St. Peter’s Basilica Indulgences, pardons reduced a soul’s time in purgatory Financing Basilica Catholics believed dead went to purgatory, worked off sins committed Sale of indulgences widely criticized Government separate from the church Working Off Sins

What was the Protestant Reformation? Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church

What was the Protestant Reformation? In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their own religions The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation of these new Protestant religions

What was the Protestant Reformation? CHRISTIANITY PROTESTANT CATHOLIC

Early Reformers Two men stepped forward to challenge the church Englishman John Wycliffe believed church should give up earthly possessions His views unpopular with church officials Was removed from teaching position John Wycliffe From Bohemia, Jan Hus preached against immorality and worldliness of Catholic Church Excommunicated by Pope Gregory XII; later arrested, tried for heresy and burned at stake These influential theologians openly criticized church Beginnings of discussions that eventually led to reform Jan Hus

The Reformers Martin Luther John Calvin Henry VIII

Martin Luther Lived from 1483-1546 in Germany Father encouraged him to study law A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk

Martin Luther He became troubled over the possibility of not going to heaven He turned to the Bible, and confession for comfort In the Bible he found the answer he was looking for

“The righteous shall by his faith.” ROMANS 1:17 “The righteous shall by his faith.” Luther realized that only faith (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person. No good works, rituals, etc. would save a person if they did not believe.

Luther's 95 Theses A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints) He criticized: The Power of the Pope The Extreme Wealth of the Church Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation)

Luther's 95 Theses Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany Gained support from people and criticism from Church

Caricature of Pope Alexander VI by Martin Luther, 1545

The first thing printed on Gutenberg’s press was the Bible. This is a picture of a page from one of Gutenberg’s Bibles.

Reactions to Luther Church’s Response 1520, Pope Leo X expelled Luther from the Church 1521, Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor Charles V German Diet Luther appeared before emperor, German Diet, or assembly, at city of Worms Refused to change opinions Edict of Worms Emperor handed down Edict of Worms Declared Luther to be outlaw, condemned his writings Luther’s ideas spread Protestant 1529, Charles V tried to suppress Lutherans in Germany German princes issued protestatio, protest, against this Term Protestant came from this

Luther on Trial The Diet of Worms 1520 Pope Leo X order Luther to give up his beliefs Luther burned the order and was excommunicated Luther went into hiding where he translated the New Testament into German – spreading his beliefs even further

Pope Leo X (Medici) He was the Pope during the height of the corruption

Luther prepares to burn Pope's orders

Luther's Dying Words “I am fed up with the world, and it with me. I am like a ripe stool, and the world is like a gigantic anus, and so we’re about to let go of each other.” -Luther

Acceptance of Reforms Some Local German Churches accepted Luther’s ideas Lutheranism was formed Supported by German Princes who issued a formal “protest” against the Church for suppressing the reforms The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants

The Spread of Protestantism Luther’s stand against the church opened the door for others Differing ideas on religious matters put forth. As Lutheranism arose in Germany, new religious movements began in Switzerland and other places in Europe. Born in Switzerland, entered priesthood at 22, preached ideas similar to Martin Luther’s Many ideas viewed as radical His church based on theocracy, government in which church, state joined; officials divinely inspired Ulrich Zwingli Many supported Zwingli, others did not, including Luther Luther accused Zwingli of tampering with word of God Without Lutherans’ support, Swiss Protestants vulnerable to attack by Catholics Opposed by Luther When the disagreement between Swiss Protestants and Catholics erupted into war, Zwingli was a casualty. He died in battle in 1531.

Martin Luther Rap Click image for link to YouTube video.

John Calvin “May little chickens dig out your eyes 100,000 times.” - Calvin speaking to another reformer whose ideas he disagreed with

John Calvin Anti-Catholic Influenced by Martin Luther Disagreed with Luther’s “Salvation through faith alone.” Created his own Protestant religion in Switzerland

Predestination Calvin believed in: Salvation through Predestination At birth it is decided if you will go to heaven or hell

Calvin believed in: Foreknowledge God knows everything that will happen in your life Purified approach to life: No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling etc..

CALVINISM Started in Switzerland – Calvinists England = Puritans Scotland = Presbyterians Holland = Dutch Reform France = Huguenots Germany = Reform Church

Christianity Protestant Catholic Lutheran Calvinism Puritan Presbyterian Puritan Huguenots

Other Reformers John Knox Anabaptists Spokesman for the Reformation in Scotland Knox’s Reformed Church replaced Roman Catholic Church Laid groundwork for later Presbyterian denomination Anabaptists Different beliefs about baptism; insisted on rebaptizing adults Crime punishable by death at that time Anabaptist Church evolved into Hutterites, the Mennonites, and the Amish Mennonites

Protestantism Spreads to England Protestant Reformation began with criticisms of the Catholic Church by priests and other religious thinkers. Reformation began with the king in England 1509, Henry VIII became king, age 17 Devout Catholic Wrote angry protests against Luther’s ideas Actions won him title “Defender of the Faith” By 1525, Henry had only one child, Mary A King’s Protest Henry wanted male heir, thought female monarch would weaken England Decided to have marriage to Catherine annulled Pope would not agree to annulment Annulment Catherine, nephew Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, also opposed annulment Dilemma became “the king’s great matter” Arguing with Pope, Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn Opposition

The Reformation Parliament Henry Takes Over Reformation Parliament declared that England no longer considered itself under authority of pope Henry became head of Church of England Church of England Henry changed rituals of church very little Closed Catholic monasteries, convents, distributed much of land to nobles This built more public support for split from Catholic Church Act of Supremacy Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to Catherine annulled Later that year Anne gave birth to daughter, Elizabeth Act of Supremacy passed; Henry VIII “Supreme Head of Church of England”

Henry’s Heirs Third wife, Jane Seymour gave England male heir, Edward VI 1547, Edward VI took throne, age 9 Protestantism gained more ground under guidance of his guardians Edward died young; sister, Mary became queen of England Mary I, returned England to authority of pope Hundreds burned at state for Protestant beliefs, earning queen title “Bloody Mary” Her death caused little grief Half-sister Elizabeth became queen Bloody Mary Elizabeth I, Protestant at heart 1559, drafted new Supremacy Act, splitting England again from Rome Catholics plotted to place Mary, Queen of Scots, on throne Elizabeth persecuted Catholics, secured Church of England Elizabeth’s Reign

Reformation Europe (Late 16th Century)