4 The Atlantic World, 1492–1800 Spanish Conquests in the Americas QUIT 4 CHAPTER The Atlantic World, 1492–1800 Chapter Overview Time Line 1 Spanish Conquests in the Americas SECTION 2 Competing Claims in North America SECTION SECTION 3 The Atlantic Slave Trade GRAPH 4 The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade MAP SECTION Visual Summary

HOME 4 CHAPTER The Atlantic World, 1492–1800 Chapter Overview The European exploration and colonization of the Americas lead to an economic and cultural revolution in Europe and the devastation of Native American cultures in the New World.

4 The Atlantic World, 1492–1800 HOME Time Line 1492 1800 CHAPTER The Atlantic World, 1492–1800 Time Line 1492 Columbus makes first voyage. 1533 Pizarro conquers Inca Empire. 1608 Champlain claims Quebec for France. 1492 1800 1521 Cortés conquers Aztec Empire. 1607 English found Jamestown. 1754 French and Indian War begins.

Spanish Conquests in the Americas Key Idea 1 HOME 1 Spanish Conquests in the Americas Key Idea Columbus lands in the Caribbean Islands, and Spain and Portugal begin the colonization of the Americas. The Spanish destroy the Aztec and Inca empires. Overview Assessment

Spanish Conquests in the Americas Overview 1 • Christopher Columbus HOME 1 Spanish Conquests in the Americas TERMS & NAMES Overview • Christopher Columbus • colony • Hernando Cortés • conquistadors • Montezuma II • Francisco Pizarro • mestizo • encomienda MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The voyages of Columbus prompted the Spanish to carve out the first European colonies in the Americas. Throughout the Americas, Spanish culture, language, and descendants are the legacy of this period. Assessment

Columbus arrives in Americas. HOME 1 Spanish Conquests in the Americas Section 1 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Trace the major events in the establishment of Spain’s empire in the Americas beginning with Columbus’s arrival. Columbus arrives in Americas. Conquistadors colonize the Southwest United States. Pizarro conquers the Inca. Cortés defeats the Aztecs. continued . . .

Spanish Conquests in the Americas 1 1 HOME 1 Spanish Conquests in the Americas Section 1 Assessment 2. How might Columbus’s view of the Taino Indians have led the Spanish to think they could take advantage of and impose their will on the natives? THINK ABOUT • the Taino’s desire for Spanish items even of “small value” • the Taino’s willingness to give whatever they had to the Spanish • the Taino’s appearance as a peaceful people ANSWER Possible Responses: The Spanish may have taken the Taino’s generosity and naïvete about the worth of material goods as an invitation to take whatever they wanted. The Spanish also may have assumed that the natives’ gentleness meant they could be subdued. continued . . .

Spanish Conquests in the Americas 1 1 HOME 1 Spanish Conquests in the Americas Section 1 Assessment 3. Discuss the merits of Spain’s colonization of the Americas. Explain the position of conquistadors, as well as the position of Native Americans. THINK ABOUT • how colonization of the Americas affected Spain • what effect colonization had on the Native Americans ANSWER Possible Responses: Conquistadors: colonization good—increased Spain’s wealth and power; introduced natives to Christianity; spread Spanish culture Native Americans: colonization bad—brought disease and warfare; led to enslavement; suppressed native culture End of Section 1

Competing Claims in North America Key Idea 2 HOME 2 Competing Claims in North America Key Idea European nations lay claim to large parts of North America, but England drives out the French and Dutch and creates thirteen colonies. Overview Assessment

Competing Claims in North America Overview 2 • New France • Jamestown HOME 2 Competing Claims in North America TERMS & NAMES Overview • New France • Jamestown • Pilgrims • Puritans • New Netherland • French and Indian War • Metacom MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Several European nations fought for control of North America, and England eventually emerged victorious. The English settlers in North America left a legacy of law and government that guides the United States today. Assessment

Reasons for Establishment HOME 2 Competing Claims in North America Section 2 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Identify the location of each settlement and the main reasons for its establishment. Name of Settlement General Location Reasons for Establishment New France New Netherland Massachusetts Bay Eastern Canada and much of midwest United States Christian missionary and fur trading post Upper east coast of United States Fur trading post Upper east coast of United States Religious refuge continued . . .

Competing Claims in North America 2 2 HOME 2 Competing Claims in North America Section 2 Assessment 2. What may have been one reason the English eventually beat the French in North America? THINK ABOUT • how England’s colonies differed from those of the French • English and French colonial populations on the eve of the French and Indian War ANSWER Possible Response: The English, unlike the French and Dutch, populated their colonies in North America, so that by the eve of the French and Indian War, England’s colonial population was more than 1 million, while France’s was only 65,000. continued . . .

Competing Claims in North America 2 2 HOME 2 Competing Claims in North America Section 2 Assessment 3. Imagine that you have been asked to settle a dispute between a group of English colonists and Native Americans. Summarize each side’s grievances and offer possible solutions. ANSWER Possible Responses: Colonists’ grievances—need more land for growing population and farming; Native Americans are heathens Native Americans’ grievances—colonists are pushing them off their land. Possible solutions—share the land by establishing boundary lines. End of Section 2

The Atlantic Slave Trade Key Idea 3 HOME 3 The Atlantic Slave Trade GRAPH Key Idea The slave trade decimates African social and family life, and millions of slaves are brought to the Americas to work in mines and on plantations. Overview Assessment

The Atlantic Slave Trade Overview 3 • Atlantic slave trade HOME 3 The Atlantic Slave Trade GRAPH TERMS & NAMES Overview • Atlantic slave trade • triangular trade • middle passage MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW To meet their growing labor needs, Europeans enslaved millions of Africans in forced labor in the Americas. Descendants of enslaved Africans represent a significant part of the Americas’ population today. Assessment

Consequences of the Slave Trade HOME 3 The Atlantic Slave Trade GRAPH Section 3 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the ways in which the Atlantic slave trade affected both Africa and the Americas. In Africa In the Americas 1. 2. 3. 4. Consequences of the Slave Trade Loss of significant population Significant labor supply Increase in civil war and strife through the introduction of guns Expertise in farming techniques Families torn apart Introduction of African culture Cultures lost Mixed races continued . . .

The Atlantic Slave Trade 3 3 HOME 3 The Atlantic Slave Trade GRAPH Section 3 Assessment 2. How was slavery in the Americas different from slavery in Africa and Muslim lands? THINK ABOUT • the length of bondage • the children of slaves • opportunities for slaves within each society • racial basis ANSWER In most African societies, slaves could escape their bondage, while in the Americas, most slaves worked for life; unlike in most African societies, slavery in the Americas was hereditary; unlike in most African and Muslim societies, slaves in the Americas lacked legal rights and social mobility. Possible Responses: End of Section 3

The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade HOME 4 The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade MAP Key Idea The colonization of the Americas leads to a global exchange of food, plants, animals, and diseases that enriches the European diet and economy and further shatters the native civilizations of the New World. Overview Assessment

The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade HOME 4 The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade MAP TERMS & NAMES Overview • Columbian Exchange • Commercial Revolution • capitalism • joint-stock company • mercantilism • favorable balance of trade MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The colonization of the Americas introduced new and different items into the Eastern and Western hemispheres. This global exchange of goods permanently changed Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Assessment

The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade HOME 4 The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade MAP Section 4 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. For each Columbian Exchange item or aspect below, write where it originated and explain its significance. Corn Potato Disease The Americas; nutritious basis of many diets The Americas; became staple throughout the world Europe; killed millions of Native Americans continued . . .

The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade HOME 4 The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade MAP Section 4 Assessment 2. Why were colonies considered so important to the nations of Europe? THINK ABOUT • the philosophy of mercantilism • the notion of a favorable balance of trade ANSWER Possible Responses: The mercantilistic philosophy of Europe drove nations to acquire colonies to obtain wealth. Colonies provided precious metals, raw materials, and markets for European goods, allowing European nations to establish a favorable balance of trade with their colonies. continued . . .

The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade HOME 4 The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade MAP Section 4 Assessment 3. Do you think the economic changes in Europe during the era of American colonization qualify as a revolution? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT • the legacy of the new business and trade practices • how the economic changes affected European society as a whole ANSWER Possible Responses: Yes—Many of the new practices, including capitalism and joint-stock companies, served as the root of today’s economy. No—Europe’s population remained mostly rural, and many Europeans remained poor. End of Section 4