Local, regional government and national gvt Finances money due to wars Uneven, populated and local admin Finances money due to wars Committees set up specialisation/divide Council Learned in law= debts Star Chamber Prosecuted rebels. HVII controlled finances Chamber and Privy Council Crown lands, Feudal dues, custom and legal Duties, Bonds, Loans Clerical taxes P taxes. Income 20 times wealthiest noble. Less than King of France had. Needed officials-distant places needed JP’s Public order, laws justice. Quarter sessions 4 Times a year- all except treason. Uneven control London Oxford Wales S East good. Ireland Durham N England, Scotland problems- Poynings law failed in Ireland, Kildare restored Parl in 1496. National gvt: Personal rule. Directly. P met some weeks not a lot. P to support the king. Royal Council trusted supporters day to day matters. 227 men but only few met Problems facing Henry VII Tough and not trusting Nobles- wealth and power Win support and control them (threat and reward) Land wealth and support- all attacked by HVII Attainders: declared guilty of treason with no trial- 138 only 45 reversed. More as reign progressed 51 in 1504-9. Sir Thomas Tyrell paid £1738 reverse fathers A Patronage: nobles nos fell ¼ in reign. HVII swallowed lands Lower social scale promoted to royal agents=who owed HVII Attacks on retaining: personal staff for nobles-illegal gangs Used by nobles on juries and tenants- laws 1485 and 1504 Special licence, swear to king, penalty £5 per retainer- but Records vague and not kept. Financial controls: Bonds to king for loyalty. 2/3 All nobles bonded to king. Eg Lord Burgavenny 1507 fined for having 471 retainers £70000. This would bankrupt him so he to pay £5000 a Year for 10 years and not set foot in South east Family lands til paid off. Council Learned in law- investigators and judges Collected debts for king- leading figures Sir Reginald Bray and Edmund Dudley hated.

Challenges to The Tudors’ power Perkin Warbeck Claimed to be Richard younger son Edward IV 1491 He was 17 really John Osbeck supported by Marg Of Burgundy and Earl of Kildare and Charles VIII Fr. 1492 HVII and CVIII peace- Maximilian 1 HRE not Support. Sir Wllm Stanley executed treason 95. Warbeck lands in Kent in July 95 no support so goes to Scotland. James IV gave income £12000 and cousin in marriage. James invade Eng 97 failure. Warbeck flies to Ireland. Aug 97 confesses and gives up. Given mercy But Warbeck escapes to 98 from court put in Tower then conspires with Earl of Warwick both executed 1499 (Henry VII) Marcher Lords were nobles that had been appointed by the King to guard the border between England and Wales known as the Welsh Marchers. Henry VIII became concerned by the way that marcher lords governed their lands, becoming convinced that criminals who were working alone along the border were not being stopped. This is because criminals were committing crimes in England, and then crossing into Wales, allowing them to escape. Henry became even more anxious about Wales following his divorce from Catherine of Aragon. This was because many off the Marcher Lords were Roman Catholics and, therefore, disagreed with divorce. To solve this issue, Henry decided to gain full power over Wales, essentially removing the power of the Marcher Lords. Under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 passed by Henry VIII in order to make Wales an equal part of Britain, the marcher lords were separated into Welsh counties. This reduced the power of the Marcher Lords. (Henry VIII) Challenges to The Tudors’ power Rhys Ap Gruffydd Born into an important family in Wales in 1508. Following his father’s death in 1525, Rhys assumed that he would inherit his grandfather’s estates and titles. However, Henry VII gave the most significant powers and titles to Walter Devereux, 9th Baron Ferrers of Chartley. Rhys was deeply offended by this and sought Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, wanting his aid against Ferrers. Both men were given the right to extend their number of retainers, leading to conflict between the two which resulted in the formation of two rival armed gangs. The feud between the two reached its peak in 1529 when Ferrers displayed his status during preparations for the Court of Great Sessions. Surrounded by forty armed men, Rhys threatened Ferrers with a knife. This resulted in Rhys’ imprisonment in Carmarthen Castle. In response to Rhys’s imprisonment, his wife, Catherine, gathered an army of supporters and attacked Carmarthen Castle. She then threatened Ferrers with her armed gang. During the conflict between the two divisions numerous members of Ferrer’s fraction were killed. The conflict caused disruptions, leading to deaths and acts of piracy. The actions of Rhys’ fraction resulted in Rhys being transferred from Carmarthen Castle to the Tower of London. Henry began claiming that Ferrers was trying to overthrow his government in Wales. This claim was furthered by the fact that Rhys had added the title “Fitz-Urien” to his name (Urien being a person of mythical importance in Wales.)Many believed he was attempting to affirm himself as Prince of Wales and that he was plotting alongside James V of Scotland in order to other throw Henry. After being convicted of treason, Rhys was executed in December 1531. This resulted in widespread dismay, due to many believing he was innocent. (Henry VIII) Lambert Simnel Claimed to be Richard younger son of Edward IV then To be Earl Of Warwick- enc by Richard Symonds 5000 men army- Yorkists Earl Lincoln 3000 Margaret of Burgundy 2000 May 1487 Invaded Lancashire- met at East Stoke Defeated by Henry VII last battle of BOR Lincoln killed- Simnel spared worked in kitchens. Symonds arrested Henry seen as magnanimous as he was not executed (Henry VII)