Cell Chemistry

Life depends on Chemistry What does this mean?????

The Nature of Matter What is the basic unit of matter? Atoms! Elements are made of like atoms. Compounds are formed when two or more elements combine. Compound are held together by bonds.

What is in our body????

Reactants and Products Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.2 Chemical Reactions Reactants and Products A chemical reaction is the process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances. Chemical reaction Physical reaction

Reactants - starting substances Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chemical Equations Chemical formulas describe the substances in the reaction and arrows indicate the process of change. Reactants - starting substances Products - substances formed during the reaction

Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water. Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.2 Chemical Reactions Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water.

Balanced Equations 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.2 Chemical Reactions Balanced Equations

Amazing chemical reactions

Chemical reactions involve the breaking and forming of bonds so they involve changes of energy Some reactions release energy and others absorb energy. Reactions that involve release energy are often spontaneous Reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy

Remember matter and energy is conserved All living things require energy to carry out chemical reactions.

Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.2 Chemical Reactions Energy of Reactions The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction.

This reaction is exothermic and released heat energy. Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.2 Chemical Reactions This reaction is exothermic and released heat energy. The energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants.

This reaction is endothermic and absorbed heat energy. Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.2 Chemical Reactions This reaction is endothermic and absorbed heat energy. The energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants.

Enzymes are an example of a biological catalysts Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.2 Chemical Reactions Enzymes A catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. Enzymes are an example of a biological catalysts

The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called substrates. Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.2 Chemical Reactions The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called substrates. The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the active site.

The active site changes shape and forms the enzyme-substrate complex Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.2 Chemical Reactions The active site changes shape and forms the enzyme-substrate complex Factors such as pH, temperature, and other substances affect enzyme activity (rate)

Enzyme * enzyme

6-3 Objectives Describe the importance of water to living systems Compare the properties of acids and bases and their role in living systems

6.3 Water and Solutions Acids and Bases Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.3 Water and Solutions Acids and Bases Substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water are called acids. Substances that release hydroxide ions (OH–) when dissolved in water are called bases.

The measure of concentration of H+ in a solution is called pH. Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.3 Water and Solutions pH and Buffers The measure of concentration of H+ in a solution is called pH. Acidic solutions have pH values lower than 7. Basic solutions have pH values higher than 7.

Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.3 Water and Solutions Buffers are mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range.

The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules. Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Organic Chemistry The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJ7xOSCEmZw/

large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together. Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Macromolecules large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together. Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds linked together by a series of covalent bonds.

Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Carbohydrates Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom (1:2:1)

Monomer or base unit for sugar are monosaccharides. Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Monomer or base unit for sugar are monosaccharides. Glucose Fructose galactose

Disaccharide- Two monosaccharides Sucrose lactose

Functions Quick ENERGY Energy STORAGE in PLANTS Energy STORAGE in ANIMALS Structural compounds for SUPPORT

Polysaccharides – complex carbohydrates Cellulose Chitin glycogen

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids (Monomer) Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Lipids Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen (a lot of!) Glycerol + 3 fatty acids (Monomer) Fats with more than one double bond in the tail are called polyunsaturated fats.

Functions of Lipids Long term energy storage Insulation Sex hormones Essential component of cell membranes steroids

Examples of lipids: Waxes Oils Fats Steroids

small compounds that are made of C, N, O, and sometimes S. Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Proteins A compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids (monomer) Held together with peptide bonds small compounds that are made of C, N, O, and sometimes S. Only 20 amino acids in the world Large proteins are called polypeptides

hemoglobin

Functions of Proteins Support Movement Transport Defense (immune sys) Metabolic processes Coordination and control

Examples: Hair Blood Collagen Enzymes Antibodies Muscles Meats Also some veggies: soy beans, peanuts

6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Nucleic acids are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information. Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides (monomer), composed of N, O, H, P, and H atoms.

Examples of nucleic acids DNA, RNA, ATP Function Carry genetic information ATP: Energy molecule