5 CHAPTER Policing: History and Structure CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Historical Development of the Police 2009 Pearson Education, Inc

English Roots Much of early American policing was based on the British model. English law enforcement started around 1200. At that time: All able-bodied men responded to cries for help by joining together in a posse to search for the suspect. Posses were either led by the shire reeve (county leader) or one of the few the comites stabuli (mounted officers). Guilt of suspect was usually assumed. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

English Roots In English towns and cities, law enforcement initially relied on watchman, who performed night watch. They would watch for fires and thieves and rouse up people when something was spotted. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

English Roots The Statute of Winchester codified modern police practices. The statute established a: Watch and ward system Draft of men to serve as watchmen Formal hue and cry system in which citizens who did not respond to cries for help could be punished Mandate that all homes contain a weapon, for use in responding to cries CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

English Roots The emergence of gin is said to have fueled the creation of a formal law enforcement. Gin was potent, inexpensive, and readily available. Binge drinking, rioting, and crime became a problem. The British government needed to come up with a better system of policing, as people could no longer be counted on to perform watch duties. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Bow Street Runners In 1750, Sir Henry Fielding became magistrate of London’s Bow Street region. He attracted a number of dedicated men to serve as officers, patrolling streets and highways leading to London. They became known as the Bow Street Runners. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

The New Police: London Metropolitan Police In 1829, Sir Robert Peel established what is now considered the world's first modern police force. 1,000 officers called bobbies made up this force of new police, which: was uniformed was structured along military lines became a model for police forces worldwide CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

American Policing 2009 Pearson Education, Inc

The Early American Experience Early American law enforcement was based on England’s experience yet unique to the reality of colonialism and expansionism. Police were decentralized and dispersed from the start. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

The frontier was home to many outlaws. Frontier lands lacked established police forces, so many settlers took to vigilantism. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Larger cities had small-scale, organized police forces early on. The Early Cities Larger cities had small-scale, organized police forces early on. Many were keeping a close eye on the performance of the Metropolitan Police of London. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

The 20th Century The 20th Century saw great social change and law enforcement reform. 1902—International Association of Chiefs of Police formed. 1910—The first policewoman hired (in Los Angeles). 1915—Fraternal Order of Police (FOP) established. 1915—25 cities employed policewomen Inventions like the telephone, automobiles, and radios impacted police… CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Prohibition and Police Corruption Prohibition—a “dark period” for law enforcement. During this era, There was a lot of crime in support of the sale of “bootlegged” liquor. Organized crime grew. Corruption flourished as some police officers were accepting “payoffs” to look away. The Wickersham Commission eventually recognized that Prohibition was unenforceable and contributed to corruption. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

The Last Half of the 20th Century The 1960s and 1970s were a time of great cultural change. During this time: The U.S. Supreme Court enumerated many individual rights for suspects. Police operations were scrutinized. The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) was formed. The National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals issued strategies for improving law enforcement. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Evidence-Based Policing The LEAA dedicated a lot of money to preventing and reducing crime. The LEAA spent $8 billion. The LEAA was abolished in 1982, as crime rates continued to grow. The LEAA started a tradition of scientific police management—applying social science techniques to the study of police administrating in order to: Increase effectiveness Reduce citizen complaints Enhance efficiency CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Exemplary Projects The LEAA’s Exemplary Projects Program recognized outstanding innovative efforts to combat crime and to provide victims with assistances. Exemplary Projects served as examples to other police departments. Examples: Street Crimes Unit (NYC) The Hidden Cameras Project (Seattle) The Kansas City Experiment CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

The Kansas City Experiment The Kansas City Experiment tested the use of preventive patrol on crime rates and citizens’ fear of crime. The experiment revealed that: Crime rates were not impacted by preventive patrol. Preventive patrol does not impact fear of crime. Directed patrol is a better way to productively use patrol officers. Involves analyzing patrol techniques in light of scientific analysis CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Recent Studies Recent studies include: Operation Ceasefire A national evaluation of Weed-and-Seed programs Kansas City Gun Experiment Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment Studies like these show the value of scientific evaluation and accumulation of knowledge. They help establish the use of evidence-based policing. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Selected Scientific Studies in Law Enforcement Year Study Name Focus 2005 Effectiveness of Designated Driver Program Designated driver campaigns to reduce highway accidents 2001 Boston’s Operation Ceasefire Evaluation Citywide effort to reduce gun violence, especially gang-related homicides 1999 National Evaluation of Weed-and-Seed Programs Weed-and-Seed programs in 8 states 1998 Community Policing in Action Police and citizen cooperation and neighborhood security 1994 Kansas City Gun Experiment Supplemental police patrol to reduce gun crime 1990 Minneapolis “Hot Spot” Policing Intensive patrol of problem areas 1986 Crime Stoppers: A National Evaluation Media crime-reduction programs 1984 Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment Effective police action in domestic violence situations 1981 Newark Foot Patrol Experiment Costs versus benefits of foot patrol 1977 Cincinnati Team Policing Experiment Team versus traditional policing 1974 Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment Effectiveness of police patrol CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

American Law Enforcement Today American law enforcement is very complex. There are thousands of different agencies involved in law enforcement, with not a lot of uniformity among them. Three major legislative and judicial jurisdictions exist: Federal State Local Supplementing these are thousands of private security companies. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Federal Law Enforcement 2009 Pearson Education, Inc

Federal Agencies Federal law enforcement agencies are distributed among 14 U.S. government departments and 28 nondepartmental entities. Additionally, many other government officers are involved in enforcement of laws through inspection, regulation, and control activities. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

American Policing: Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Department of Agriculture U.S. Forest Service Department of Commerce Bureau of Export Enforcement National Marine Fisheries Administration Department of Defense Air Force Office of Special Investigations Army Criminal Investigation Division Defense Criminal Investigative Service Naval Investigative Service Department of Energy National Nuclear Safety Administration Office of Mission Operations Office of Secure Transportation Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration, Office of Criminal Investigations Department of Homeland Security Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Federal Protective Service Transportation Security Administration U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Customs and Boarder Protection Department of Homeland Security (Con’t) U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Secret Service Department of Justice Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives Bureau of Prisons Drug Enforcement Administration Federal Bureau of Investigation U.S. Marshals Service Department of Labor Office of Labor Racketeering Department of the State Diplomatic Security Service Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service – Criminal Investigation Division Treasury Inspector General for Tax Enforcement U.S. Postal Service Postal Inspection Service Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs Bureau of Land Management Fish and Wildlife Service Department of the Interior (Con’t) National Park Service U.S. Park Police Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Security and Law Enforcement Other Agencies with Enforcement Personnel: AMTRAK Police Bureau of Engraving and Printing Police Department of Energy Environmental Protection Agency – Criminal Investigations Division Food and Drug Administration Tennessee Valley Authority U.S. Capitol Police U.S. Mint U.S. Supreme Court Police Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Police Department CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) The FBI may be the world’s most famous law enforcement agency. It was developed in 1908 and called the Bureau of Investigation. It was designed originally to help the federal government investigate political and business corruption. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) The FBI is headquartered in Washington, D.C. and has 56 field offices and 400 satellite offices. The FBI also operates: “Legal attaché” offices in other nations, to help coordinate international law enforcement efforts and information sharing The National Computer Crime Squad (NCCS) The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) A Criminal Justice Information Services Division A full-scale crime laboratory A National Academy Program CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

The FBI and Counterterrorism The focus of the FBI changed as a result of the September 11th terrorist attacks, centering now on counterterrorism efforts. The FBI maintains: A Counterterrorism Division A national threat warning system Flying Squads The Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

The Mission of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) “The mission of the FBI is to protect and defend the United States against terrorists and foreign intelligence threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners.” CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

FBI Priorities Protecting the United States from terrorist attack Protecting the United States against foreign intelligence operations and espionage Protecting the United States against cyber-based attacks and high- technology crimes Combating public corruption at all levels Protecting civil rights Combating transnational and national criminal organizations and enterprises Combating major white-collar crime Combating violent crimes that have wide impact Supporting federal, state, local, and international partners Upgrading technology to perform the FBI’s mission successfully CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

State Agencies Most state police agencies were created in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century. The Texas Rangers were the first. Today, there is a lot of diversity among the different state police agencies. State police agencies employ fewer people than do local police departments. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

State and Local Law Enforcement 2009 Pearson Education, Inc

Federal, State, and Local Law Enforcement Employment, 2000 Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Models of State Police Agencies Centralized Combine criminal investigations duties and state highway patrol Assist local departments Operate identification bureaus Maintain a criminal records repository Patrol highways Provide training for local officers Decentralized Separates state highway patrol from other duties Other duties performed by adjunct state-level law enforcement agencies CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Local Agencies Local agencies encompass a wide variety of agencies, including: Municipal departments Sheriffs departments Specialized groups, like campus police and transit police CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Municipal Police Departments Municipal police departments are city- or town-based. Any municipality can create its own police department; not every one does. Jurisdiction is within the municipality. Agencies range from very small to very large. The majority have fewer than ten full-time officers. Many utilize part-time officers. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Sheriffs Departments Sheriffs departments are responsible for law enforcement throughout their counties. Mostly patrol the unincorporated areas that lie between municipalities Jurisdiction is throughout the entire county Operate county jails Serve court papers Maintain security in state courtrooms Most departments have fewer than twenty-five full-time officers CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Private Protective Services 2009 Pearson Education, Inc

Private Protective Services A number of private protective services, known as private security, also are involved in enforcement activities. These organizations: Are privately funded, for-profit agencies. Provide a variety of security-related services to their clientele (which include governments). Have rapidly grown in recent years. Employ more people than public police. Find support in ASIS International programming. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

American Policing: Private Security Agencies The Largest Private Security Agencies in the U.S. Advance Security, inc. Allied Security, Inc. American Protective Services Burns International Security Globe Security Guardsmark, Inc. Pinkerton’s Inc. Security Bureau, Inc. Wackenhut Corp. Wells Fargo Guard Services Private Security Services Airport security ATM services Bank guards Company guards Computer/information security Executive protection Hospital security Loss-prevention specialists Nuclear facility security Railroad detectives School security Store/mall security CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Integrating Public and Private Security As the private security field grows, the relationship between public and private security is becoming more integrated with more of a cooperative crime-fighting potential. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458