Quarterly Review

Warm-up 10/24 What strategies will you use to prepare for your Quarterly Tests?

Study Strategies Flash Cards Practice Tests Re-write Notes Have a friend or parent Quiz you

Culture- The way of life of a group of people Can you think of ways that your culture influences your life?

What is culture?

Elements of culture Language Shelter Clothing Economy Religion Celebrations Education Values Climate Government/Laws Recreation/Entertainment Music/Dance

Watch This! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BT0kzF4A-WQ (People from Sudan move to the USA) What challenges do you think the people from Sudan will have when coming to America for the first time?

What is History? History- The study of events from the past Archaeologist – a person who studies human history using artifacts Artifact- a human-made object

How do we keep track of history? Timelines are a common way to keep track of history. Humans started keeping track of time in Year 1. Years before Year 1 are referred to as B.C.E (Before the Common Era) Years after Year 1 are referred to as C.E.(Signaling the start of the Common Era). You may also hear this called A.D. (which stands for Anno Domini and means “the First Year”)

Think of B. C. E. years as negative numbers Think of B.C.E. years as negative numbers. The further you get from Year 1, you go further back in time C.E. years start at Year 1 and go all the way up until present day (Year 2014)

What is Economics? Economics- production, distribution, and use of goods and services The study of how people meet their needs

Market Economy Decisions made by individuals (what to make, sell and buy) supply and demand Based on trade and competition Also called free markets or capitalism Some government regulation (laws, taxes) USA, Great Britain, Canada, France, and Japan have a market economy

Command Economy Central government alone makes decisions Also known as communism No incentive to work harder Dictates lives of individual workers Manages all elements of production China, Cuba, Vietnam, and North Korea are the world’s major communist countries

Traditional Economy based on agriculture Most families in a traditional economy only grow enough for themselves Traditional economies are usually poor. The people concentrate on survival, not making money Usually found in 3rd world countries Bangladesh and Ivory Coast still have traditional economies

Supply and Demand We use Supply and Demand to determine how much goods will cost The more of something you have, the less valuable it becomes

Government A government is a body that has the power to make and enforce laws within an organization or group. Why do we need government? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P43WZd611WA (LA Riots – 1992)

Types of Government There are many forms of government: Democracy Communism Monarchy Dictatorship

Democracy Rule by a government of elected officials The people choose who they want to lead them Example: The United States

Democracy 2 Types: Direct Democracy- Citizens participate directly in government. Example: Ancient Greece 2) Representative Democracy- Citizens elect leaders to represent them Example: USA

Communism A system in which the government controls all social and economic systems Everything is owned by “the people” Basic freedoms are limited Example: China has been under Communist rule since 1949

Monarchy A government ruled by a King or Queen. Based on heredity Example: Saudi Arabia King Al Saud has ruled Saudi Arabia since 2005

Monarchy 2 Types: Absolute Monarchy- The ruler has all of the power and is not limited by laws. 2) Constitutional Monarchy- The ruler has power, but laws are in place to make sure the ruler does not abuse their power.

Dictatorship Ruled by one individual or a small group. The people have limited freedoms Citizens do not have a choice when electing leaders or making laws. Example: North Korea Kim Jong-il ruled North Korea for over 50 years And was referred to as the “Supreme Leader”

What is Geography? Geography- the study of the earth, including climate, natural resources, landforms, and the division of land into continents and countries “Geo” comes from Latin and means “the Earth”

Landforms- Features of the earth Mountains Rivers Lakes Oceans Islands Deserts Peninsula Archipelago Canyon Plains Delta Plateau

Climate- Weather conditions over a long period of time Climate- Weather conditions over a long period of time. This includes temperature and rainfall. Examples: Desert Rainforest Tundra Subtropical Temperate Forest

5 Themes Location- Where is it? Absolute- A specific location. This can be coordinates on a map or an address Relative- A location in relation to something else. Ex. 2 blocks, close to the railroad tracks

5 Themes Place- An area that is defined by everything in it. All places have features that give them personality and distinguish them from other places. All places are unique What makes Piedmont unique from any other place?

5 Themes Region- A region is an area that is defined by certain similar characteristics. North Carolina has 3 regions- Mountain, Piedmont, and Coastal

5 Themes Movement- The way people, products, information and ideas move from one place to another

5 Themes Human-Environment Interaction- how people adapt to the environment and how they change it

1) North America 9.5 million square miles 565 million people (7.5%) Ranked #3 out of 7 565 million people (7.5%) Ranked #4 out of 7 23 different countries

2) South America 6.9 million square miles 375 million people (5%) Ranked #4 out of 7 375 million people (5%) Ranked #5 out of 7 12 different countries

3) Africa 11.7 million square miles 1.1 billion people (15%) Ranked #2 out of 7 1.1 billion people (15%) 54 different countries

4) Europe 3.9 million square miles 745 million people (11%) Ranked #6 out of 7 745 million people (11%) Ranked #3 out of 7 50 different countries

5) Asia 17.2 million square miles 4.3 billion people (60%) Ranked #1 out of 7 4.3 billion people (60%) 49 different countries

6) Australia 3.3 million square miles 36 million people 4 countries Ranked #7 out of 7 36 million people Ranked #6 out of 7 (1%) 4 countries

7) Antarctica 5.4 million square miles No permanent population Ranked #5 out of 7 98% is covered by ice No permanent population Ranked #7 out of 7 No countries

Oceans There are 4 major oceans in the world Some sources might say there are 5 or 6 In this class, we will only deal with the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans

8) Pacific Ocean This is the largest ocean in the world It covers 1/3 of the earth’s surface The Pacific Ocean is bigger than the land area of all of the continents combined! The Pacific Ocean borders 4 continents!

9) Atlantic Ocean The second largest ocean in the world It covers 1/5 of the earth’s surface The Atlantic Ocean is S-shaped and borders 4 continents.

10) Indian Ocean The third largest ocean in the world. It covers about 1/7 of the earth’s surface. The Indian Ocean gets its name from the Indian subcontinent. It borders 3 continents.

Longitude Lines that go north and south (up and down) on a map to specify an East or West point on the earth’s surface 0 – 180 (East or West)

Prime Meridian The Prime Meridian divides the earth into East and West

Prime Meridian The degrees give you a measurement of how far to go from the Prime Meridian and in which direction (East or West)

Latitude Lines that go east and west (left and right) on a map to and specifies an North or South point on the earth’s surface 0-90 (North or South)

Equator The Equator divides the earth into North and South

Equator The degrees give you a measurement of how far to go from the Equator and in which direction (North or South)

Absolute Location Coordinates where LONGITUDE and LATITUDE intersect gives an exact location! Example: 100 degrees East and 40 degrees North

Scale Scale is what is used to measure distances on maps Usually, one inch will represent a certain number of miles on the map On larger maps, one inch will represent hundreds of miles

Cardinal Directions North South East West Northeast Northwest 4 Intermediate Directions Northeast Northwest Southeast Southwest

Early Human Tools Hearth- A stone fireplace Used for cooking and warmth

Early Human Tools Microlith- A small sharp blade made out of stone Spears- A stick or pole with a sharp point at the end Knives- A cutting tool with a sharp blade

Early Human Tools Fire- Used for cooking and warmth Used to drive animals into a certain area for hunting

Early Human Tools Needles- Used to make clothing Hooks- Used for hunting and fishing

Early Human Tools Working in Groups- People could drive animals into a certain area for easier hunting The more people working together, the bigger the animal that could be hunted

Archaeologist a person who studies human history using artifacts and fossils

Artifact a human-made object

Fossils The remains of plants or animals. These can be bones or imprints found in layers of rock

Excavation excavation is the process of finding archaeological remains. An excavation site or "dig" is a site being studied.

Early Humans What have archaeologist learned about early human tool making? Humans made basic tools of stone like flint. They grinded the edges with other rocks to make them sharp. Flintstones!

Early Humans Where did hominins settle? -Near food and water -Adapt to weather conditions and climate -Most scientists believe that hominins settled in East Africa because there was plentiful food (fruits and animals) -Migrated to Asia and Europe

Early Humans Originated in Africa Hominins = Walk upright The first man-like creatures 4.5 million years ago

Early Humans Homo Habilis 2.5 million years ago Used stone tools

Early Humans Homo Erectus 1.7 million years ago Means “upright man”

Early Humans Homo Neanderthalensis (Neanderthals) 300,000 years ago Used fire Hunted small animals

Early Humans Homo Sapiens 200,000 years ago Large-brained

Early Humans During the last Ice Age (100,000 BCE – 8,000 BCE), the water level in the oceans dropped This revealed the Bering Land Bridge, connecting Asia to North America

Migration When a large group of people or animals moves from one place to another Humans originated in Africa and slowly migrated to different parts of the world over thousands of years

Nomadic People who move from place to place without a permanent home Humans were nomadic until the Neolithic Revolution (10,000 BCE – 2,000 BCE) This means humans moved from place to place for millions of years and migrated to different parts of the world

The Stone Age The Stone Age lasted almost 2 million years! The Stone Age is divided into 3 different time periods: Paleolithic (Paleo = Early) Mesolithic (Meso = Middle) Neolithic (Neo = New)

The Stone Age Paleolithic Age (2 million BCE to 12,000 BCE) The climate went through an Ice Age and began to warm up at the end Hunter-gatherers that moved from place to place They moved to follow their food sources and find places that weren’t too cold

The Stone Age Paleolithic Age (2 million BCE to 12,000 BCE) Little technology during this time. All tools were made out of stone (mostly flint)

The Stone Age Mesolithic Age (12,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE) Climate continued to get warmer The microlith was invented- A small triangular shaped blade of stone used in knives and spears Other inventions: boats from hollowed logs, fishing nets and hooks

The Stone Age Neolithic Revolution (10,000 BCE to 2,000 BCE) Agriculture: People learned how to plant and harvest crops People began to live in cities and towns The first governments were formed

The Neolithic Revolution People began to settle in the “Fertile Crescent” between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers This is where the world’s first farmers began Today, these countries are Iraq, Syria, Israel, and Turkey

The Neolithic Revolution Most historians believe that women were the first farmers They believe that the women noticed patterns in the growth of wild plants and learned how to cultivate plants Cultivate- Using land for growing crops

The Neolithic Revolution Domestication- Growing plants to eat or using animals for work and food Humans began to domesticate dogs to help with hunting about 12,000 BCE Farm animals were domesticated around 8,000 BCE (goats, sheep, cows, pigs) The animals were used as a food source (meat and milk) and to do work in the fields (plowing)

The Neolithic Revolution Because fewer people were needed in the fields for farming and hunting, they could specialize in other trades: Making tools and weapons Building houses Making clothes Merchants Specialization led to innovation, and innovation led to improvement in people's lives

Human Civilizations Civilization- A well-organized and developed society Why do humans form civilizations?

3 Things Each Civilization Must Have Water Source Food Source Shelter

7 Characteristics of a Civilization As humans began to settle down and live in one place, civilizations developed During the Neolithic Revolution, humans began to live in one place and were no longer nomads because they learned how to farm for their food To be considered a civilization, there are seven characteristics that must be present:

Characteristics of a Civilization Cities- Large populations of people with specialized labor. Not a small group of people

Characteristics of a Civilization Job Specialization- People learn specific skills and become an expert in one area.

Characteristics of a Civilization Government- With so many people living together, leadership must: Make laws (establish order) Handle large scale projects (build roads, etc.) Establish defenses (armies)

Characteristics of a Civilization Advanced Technology (Public Works)- All advances, inventions, and processes created to make life easier. For everyone's good. (ex. irrigation, walls to protect the city, road systems, government buildings, etc.)

Characteristics of a Civilization Language (or writing system)- Formal, organized system. Used to keep track of their religion and beliefs. Used in government to keep track of their laws.

Characteristics of a Civilization Social Classes - Hierarchy based on what you can do. Over time, individuals inherited class status from their families.

Characteristics of a Civilization Religion- Organized system of beliefs. Religious leaders would conduct elaborate ceremonies to worship gods. Religion tries to answer questions about life: Where did we come from? What happens when we die? What is the meaning of life?