Cladistics SB3. Students will derive the relationship between single- celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. c.

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Cladistics SB3. Students will derive the relationship between single- celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. c. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems.

BELLRINGER Name all eight taxon of the Linnaean system of classification, from most general to most specific. Hint: Dr. King Preached Community On Friday. Great Speech!

Limitations of Linnaean classification system Linnaeus’s system does not account for similarities that evolved as a result of convergent evolution. He did not have the technology available to test organism’s DNA so he relied on physical similarities.

Convergence Traits between species are often result of sharing common ancestor however… Similar traits can also evolve in species that are adapting to similar environmentsꟷ Convergent Evolution. Example Birds and Bats

Cladistics Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry To correctly classify organisms must determine evolutionary relationship by study living organisms, the fossil record and molecular data (DNA). The evolutionary history for a group of species is called a phylogeny.

copyright cmassengale Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Primate copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Archaea and Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale ARCHAEA Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA Probably the 1st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments Found in: Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens) Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles) Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) - Halophiles copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale ARCHAEAN copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale BACTERIA Kingdom - EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. copyright cmassengale

Live in the intestines of animals copyright cmassengale

Domain Eukarya is Divided into four Kingdoms Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Protista Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Plantae Multi-cellular Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development. Development involves many stages from conception until death. copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Animalia Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale

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