Copy into your colored Notes Foldable Plant Diversity Copy into your colored Notes Foldable

Plant Characteristics and Adaptions

PLANT CHARACTERISTICS Multicellular eukaryotes Photosynthetic autotrophs Non-motile (fixed to one spot) Cell walls made of cellulose Responds to environment and grows through the use of hormones

Plants are classified based on whether or not they have Vascular System (transport) Seeds Flowers (enclosed seeds)

Early Plants Came from the water First plants evolved from multicellular green algae

Some Adaptations (solutions)- Parts extending into both air and soil Develop a vascular system to transport resources in plant Have a protective outer layer – cuticle (waxy) keeps from drying out Specialized structures for reproduction (spores & seeds)

Plant Life Cycle

Plant Life Cycle- Alternation of Generations diploid phase haploid phase (produce sperm) (produce egg)

Bryophytes (Nonvascular plants)

Bryophytes-nonvascular Most primitive plants Found in moist, shady areas NO vascular (transport) system Small size due to no vascular tissue No true roots, stems, or leaves Needs water for reproduction. Reproduces using spores, (a water-proof single cell that can grow into a new organism) Most common example: Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Bryophytes liverworts Mosses hornworts

Tracheophytes and Vascular Tissue

Tracheophytes -Vascular Plants- Contains two types of specialized vascular tissues for transport within the plant: xylem and phloem Allowed plants to become tall. Has specialized organs: roots, stems, and leaves. Divided into 2 groups: seedless vs. seeds

Conducts water & nutrients throughout the plant. Vascular tissue Conducts water & nutrients throughout the plant. Moves fluids through plant body even against gravity Xylem: transports water and minerals from roots to every part of plant (zip up the xylem) Phloem: transports nutrients & carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis (phloem= food)

Plant parts… Roots- absorb water & minerals Leaves- photosynthetic organs that contain vascular tissue Veins (vascular tissue)- xylem & phloem Stems Support structure connects roots & leaves carrying water

Ferns (Seedless Tracheophytes)

Ferns and relatives Seedless vascular plant Have true roots, stems, and large leaves (fronds) Examples: Ferns, Club Mosses, Horsetails Reproduce using spores; still need water

Gymnosperms (Seeded Cone Tracheophytes)

Gymnosperms (Naked Seed) Examples Cycad (Sago palm) Ginkgo Conifer (pine) Sago Palm Ginkgo Ginkgo

Gymnosperms (Naked Seed) Adaptations –reproduce water free Transfer of sperm by pollination Protection of embryos in seeds Cones and pollen Seeds can remain dormant for years

Most common are Conifers Conifers have leaves called needles or scales Sequoia Gymnosperms Most common are Conifers Conifers have leaves called needles or scales Reduce water loss and prevents freezing Juniper Pine

Conifer Reproduction Male cones produce pollen and the female cone produces eggs and seeds. Pollen is inefficiently transferred by the wind. Once mature, the scales on the female cone dry out and open scattering the seeds by the wind. Pollen Seed Cone Pollen Cone

Angiosperms (Seeded flowering tracheophytes)

Angiosperms- Enclosed seeds Flowers are reproductive organs Encourage direct and efficient pollen transfer Fruit: pollinated ovaries Diversity: Monocots and dicots Woody and Herbacious stems Trees vs. sunflowers Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials

fibrous roots taproot

Fruit can aid in dispersal of seed to reduce competition with parent plant. Winged fruit – gliding (maple fruit) Floating fruit – floats (coconut) Fleshy fruit - survive the digestive system of animals that eat the fruit (apple) Spiny fruit- Velcro like projections attach to animal fur (cockleburs) Maple seeds: Winged fruit Burdock: Spiny fruit