Land Plants long

Phylogeny (evolutionary history) of land plants

Bryophytes: mosses Oldest type of living land plants, ~___ m.y. No ________ tissue Poorly-developed _____ and stems __________ sperm, require water to disperse Mature mosses have 2 parts: _______ sporophyte “spore-bearing plant” ______ gametophyte “gamete-bearing plant” Life cycle similar to _____

Seedless vascular plants: Ferns and horsetails Well-developed ____ and _____ __________ sperm, require water Abundant ~___ mya, _________ Period Created today’s _____ deposits Vascular Tissue

Life cycle has 2 main stages: 1. Sporophyte (_______) spores

2. Gametophyte (______) Small, independent ___-bearing structures 2-5 mm

Life cycle of a fern Sporophyte (______) Sporophyte grows from ___-bearing site of gametophyte spores (_____) meiosis mitosis Gametophyte (______) fertilization

“_____ seeds”: dry woody cover Gymnosperms: Primitive seed plants “_____ seeds”: dry woody cover Pine nuts Seed: an embryo packaged with food (______) embryo _______ Increases _______ rates of embryos Resists dehydration, improves ________ ability

Known as “cone-bearing” plants No showy _______ Sperm dispersed by ____ Not flagellated Contained in _____ “grains” Most common plants ~___ mya

Examples of gymnosperms: Ginkgos Cycads Conifers Male pine cones Female pine cones pines spruces firs junipers

Angiosperms: flowering plants “________ seed” ______ Flower contains sex organs, attracts ________ Dominant plants beginning ____ mya

Life cycle of a flowering plant: Anther (____) Flower Sporophyte (______) (haploid _____) Pollen Ovary (_____) ovule (haploid ___) Mitosis Seed (______) Meiosis Fruit (_____) Pollination Pollen tube Fertilization

Anatomy of vascular plants Primary root Roots _____ plants in soil Absorb ______ and water Store ____________ Root hairs Vascular tissues (fluid transport) carrot: a “fleshy tap root” Root _______ (active cell division/growth) Root ___ (protects meristem)

(regulate ___ exchange) Leaves _________ (photosynthetic) ________ (outer layer) chloroplasts vascular tissue ________ (regulate ___ exchange) ____ cells

Stems new leaf terminal bud (______ meristem) lateral bud main shoot shoot meristems (active growth/ cell division) terminal bud (______ meristem) main shoot lateral bud vascular tissue

Vascular tissues Occur throughout stems, leaves & roots Made up of ____-shaped cells Two types: 1. ______ Transports _____ and minerals from roots Cells mostly _____ 2. ______ Circulates sugars, nutrients & hormones

_______ ________ vascular bundles occur throughout stem vascular occur in rings

Xylem of many trees forms ______________ An example of ________ stem growth (girth) bark xylem phloem (growth area for xylem & phloem) vascular _______

Absorption of water and nutrients stomata Absorption of water and nutrients Water vapor is lost from leaves = _____________ xylem Causes water to be pulled up xylem by _________ action Water moves into roots by ________ Contains dissolved nutrients Root hairs