Plants are organized into two groups: Non-vascular and Vascular Classification of plants I. Non-vascular plants Ex mosses II. Vascular plants A. Seedless plants, like ferns, that reproduce by spores B. Seed plants 1. Gymnosperms – cone-bearing Ex: cedars, sequoias, redwoods, pines, and junipers 2. Angiosperms or Anthophyta– Flowering plants roses, daisies, apples, and lemons, wheat, rye, oats, and peanuts Juniper

1. Gymnosperms: The Conifers Gymnosperms were the first seed plants to appear—millions of years before the first angiosperms. The cone is the reproductive organ. The seeds of gymnosperm are exposed on cones. In addition, gymnosperms depend on wind for pollination. Examples of gymnosperms are pines, firs, redwoods, junipers, and sequoia.

2. Angiosperms: The Flowering Plants Angiosperms are seed plants whose reproductive structures are flowers and fruits. They are the most diverse plant species. The color and scent of a flower may attract animals that will carry pollen from one plant to another over great distances.

Function of Flower Parts Form and Function Stamen Male part of the flower, consisting of the anther and filament, makes pollen grains Anther The pollen bearing portion of a stamen. Filament The stalk of the stamen which bears the anther. Sperm Male reproductive cell that has half the number of chromosomes Pistil/Carpel Female part of the flower. Consisting of the stigma, style and ovary. Stigma Often sticky top of carpel, serves as a receptive surface for pollen grains. Style The stalk of a carpel, between the stigma and the ovary, through which the pollen tube grows. Egg Female reproductive cell found in the ovule of the ovary and will become the seed Fruit The sweet and fleshy part of a tree or plant that contains seeds and can be eaten as food (helps disperse seeds far from original plant).

Function of Flower Parts Form and Function Seeds Becomes the new plant Ovary Enlarged base of the carpel containing the ovule or ovules. The ovary matures to become a fruit. Petal Located in and above the sepals, often large and colorful, sometimes scented, sometimes producing nectar. Often serve to attract pollinators to the plant. Sepal Leaf-like structures at flower base, protects young flower bud. Cone Produces the seeds in a gymnosperm (cone bearing plant) Pollen Grains (Immature male reproductive cell) containing the sperm with a protective outer covering. Ovule Located in the ovaries. Carries female gametes. Ovules become seeds on fertilization.

How do Angiosperms Reproduce? By pollination Cross pollination Wind blows pollen to another plant Animal takes pollen to another plant Self Pollination

Gizmo Anther produces pollen (sperm) Ovary has ovule (egg) Parts you need to Know Male parts Female parts Anther produces pollen (sperm) Ovary has ovule (egg) Sperm meets Egg  Seeds Ovary becomes the Fruit Gizmo

Fruits Fruit protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal. Different adaptations of fruit help disperse seeds. Maples have wings that enable the fruit to be dispersed great distances by the wind. Some plants have burrs on their fruits that cling to an animal’s fur or a person’s clothing. Many plants have fruit that are brightly colored and very sweet. Animal eats and digests the fleshy part of the fruit while the tough seed passes through the animal’s digestive tract and is deposited with its feces as a package of fertilizer.

Fruits Seed dispersal

More pollinators Long tongue fly

Sperm (pollen) meets Egg (ovule)

Vascular Cambium is meristem (cells that divide) that makes the Xylem (water transport) and Phloem (sugar transport) of the plant

Review Tracheophytes Phylum or group Common Names Fluid Transport Sperm Transport Dispersal Unit Bryophytes (first on land) Mosses, liverworts, hornworts nonvascular Flagellated sperm (need water to swim) spores Tracheophytes SEEDLESS PLANTS Pterophyta Ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns vascular SEED PLANTS Gymniosperm or Coniferophyta Conifers (cones) Wind-dispersed pollen seeds Angiosperm or Anthophyta Flowering plants Wind or animal dispersed pollen

Plants: A Review