Chapter 12 - Succession

Daily Objectives Describe how ecosystems recover from a disturbance. Compare succession after a natural disturbance with succession after a human caused disturbance.

Think About It (not on notes) In 1883, the volcanic island of Krakatau in the Indian Ocean was blown to pieces by an eruption. The tiny island that remained was completely barren. Within two years, grasses were growing. Fourteen years later, there were 49 plant species, along with lizards, birds, bats, and insects. By 1929, a forest containing 300 plant species had grown. Today, the island is blanketed by mature rain forest. How did the island ecosystem recover so quickly?

Succession Ecosystems change over time especially after a disturbance some species die out some new species move in succession increase the number of species

Primary Succession Mount St. Helens Before After

Start of Regrowth

Mount St. Helens Today

Primary Succession New land created or sterilization occurs No remnants of a former community Slow process, can take centuries to grow back Growth begins at newly exposed surface

Primary Succession Succession of plant growth: Pioneer species are the first species to move into an area Ex. Lichens - Help break down rock and form soil. Succession of plant growth: Bare rocklichensgrassesbushestrees

Primary Succession Examples of disturbances that can cause primary succession: Volcano eruptions / lava flow Retreating glaciers (pict on handout)

Primary Succession This shows Primary succession on retreating glacier, Glacier Bay, Alaska

Secondary Succession Existing community is not completely destroyed New and surviving vegetation can regrow Re-growth proceeds quicker because soil survives the disturbance

Secondary Succession Examples of disturbances that can cause secondary succession: Forest wildfires Hurricanes Other natural disturbances

Secondary Succession A deciduous forest ecosystem above….

Climax Communities “Stable” community that results after hundreds of years Characterized by mature trees

Climax Communities Ecologists used to think that succession in a given area always proceeds through the same stages to produce a specific and stable climax community. Recent studies have shown that succession doesn’t always follow the same path, and that climax communities are not always uniform and stable.

Succession AFTER Natural Disturbances Secondary succession in healthy ecosystems following natural disturbances often reproduces the original climax community. Healthy coral reefs and tropical rain forests often recover from storms Healthy temperate forests and grasslands recover from wildfires.

Succession AFTER Human Caused Disturbances Ecosystems may or may not recover from extensive human-caused disturbances. Example: Clearing and farming of tropical rain forests can change the microclimate and soil enough to prevent re-growth of the original community.

Pond/Lake Succession A geological event, such as a glacier or sink hole, can create a pond. Ponds are nothing more than shallow holes where water collects. Yet, if left alone, ponds will fill in with dirt and debris until they become land. It often takes hundreds of years for a pond to be transformed from a body of clear water into soil.

The FOUR STAGES of Pond Succession STAGE 1 1) As a pond develops seeds are flown in by birds and land animals come to inhabit the pond. These are the pond pioneers.

2) As more creatures arrive the debris on the bottom increases. Stage 2 2) As more creatures arrive the debris on the bottom increases. Coontail, and other submergent (below the surface) vegetation, appears and soon grow all along the bottom.

Stage 3 3) Emergents then appear on the edges of the pond. Over time, sometimes hundreds of years, as ponds plants grow, die and decompose, layers of debris build up. These layers of decaying matter raise the pond floor over the years.

Stage 4 4) After some time, the pond floor is close enough to the bottom that emergents can grow all the way across the floor. When this happens, the ponds becomes a marsh. Many interesting creatures can reside in the shallow muddy waters of marshes.

What is eutrophication? eutrophication is a form of water pollution. eutrophication occurs when excessive fertilizers run into lakes and rivers. This encourages the growth of algae (algal bloom) and other aquatic plants. Following this, overcrowding occurs and plants compete for sunlight, space and oxygen.

Eutrophication kills organisms. It is water pollution from too many fertilizers and nutrients draining into the water…..