Intermediate Use Areas: Considerations and Tools Silvics & Silviculture: An Introduction 09/11/2006 Intermediate Use Areas: Considerations and Tools The Woods In Your Backyard Program This presentation was developed to be used as part of a 2-3 hours evening session for landowners or general audiences. It provides some explanation of the issues and why they may be interested and then goes to explain the publication and how it is intended to be used. This could be used as an introductory workshop for the classes that follow. Some video clips will hopefully be developed that can be included in the presentation as well. It is assumed that copies of the publication will be provided to the audience so that they can follow along with the presentation. Forest Landowner Workshop Series

What You Will Learn: Options for converting lawns and intermediate use areas to natural areas. Tools and equipment considerations

Time line for Forestry Activities Age of Woodland 0 -5 yrs 15 yrs 50 yrs 120+ yrs Field to Young Canopy Advanced Older Forest Growth Closure Growth Growth Tree Planting Weeding Commercial Regeneration Weeding Thinning Thinning Establishing natural areas is part of a process or timeline that will ultimately result in a mature woodland. The vegetation will change which changes the habitat and the types of wildlife that will inhabit the areas. For example, the rabbits or the old field will transition to squirrels.

Silvics & Silviculture: An Introduction 09/11/2006 Your Property in the Landscape: Looking for Opportunities Consider habitat of surrounding properties Adding on to existing forest areas – red vs orange area? Forest Landowner Workshop Series

Plant Drainage Areas Potential Riparian Areas Use Soil Survey or your Eyes Create fewer & larger natural areas Areas with high potential for water quality and habitat value

What Are The Options? Depends on Your Objectives! Maintain a view? Retire a sloped area? Wildlife habitat closer? Enhance a storm retention pond? Create a wildlife corridor?

Connection to Wooded Properties! Consider working with neighboring property to create corridor or larger area

Options for Converting Lawn and Other Intermediate Areas Natural Areas Without Tree Cover: Occasional mowing Warm season grasses & wildflower fields Convert to Woodland: Managing natural succession Maintain old field areas Tree planting

Range of Options to Establish Natural Areas Maintain early succession cover Mow every 2-4 years Mow once a year

Mow every 3 years in strips Habitat for turkeys, quail, etc Turkeys and quail need a diversity of early successional habitat for the young poults to find insects in the spring. They also need nearby forest where they can roost at night in the trees.

Warm Season Grasses & Native Wildflower Fields Create unique habitat for wildlife Requires complete removal of present vegetation, purchase of seed ($$), intensive management, special equipment for planting. 2-3 years to become established Seed for wildflowers, warm season grasses expensive. Cost share programs are available 3-acres WSG

Maintain Existing Old Field Succession Silvics & Silviculture: An Introduction 09/11/2006 Maintain Existing Old Field Succession Many existing old fields can be maintained by killing hardwoods that establish themselves. Provides unique habitat Forest Landowner Workshop Series

Manage Old Field Succession & Young Forests Control invasive species Clear around tree species you want to succeed. Low cost but requires regular maintenance

Succession & Wildlife Habitat What succession stage or habitat type is most limiting for the wildlife of interest?

Garrett Co Eastern Shore Early Successional Species Vary by Region

Establish Trees By planting Natural regeneration

Reasons for Tree Planting Reforestation Water Quality Develop Wildlife Habitat Windbreak Noise Buffer Aesthetics

Hedgerows - Privacy Long narrow forest areas between fields Should be at least 50’ wide Use a combination of trees and shrubs Mix evergreens and deciduous

Windbreaks Use evergreens Plant at least 4 rows deep if possible Stagger rows so that it fills in quicker

Planting for water quality Buffers should be at least 35 feet wide for water quality. Need 100 wide buffer for maximum wildlife benefit. Whatever you can provide is a benefit and worth the effort.

Tree Planting Using Seedlings Bare root seedlings available from MD State Forest Nursery in spring. Minimum of 100 trees per order. A Great Deal! Explain that seedlings are usually grown from native seed for two years and sold bareroot. Purchased online an mailed after notification to landowners. Only done in the spring.

Reforestation Most reforestation projects use seedlings at 400 per acre. Fewer if desired. Select the proper tree for the site Keep the seedlings fresh Seedlings should be planted in March or early April Mechanical tree planting

Site Preparation Fall prior to Planting: Cut the grass to a low height if needed. Kill competing vegetation within 3 feet of trees using herbicide or mechanical methods Check for presence of voles and treat if needed

Tree Planting Methods commercial hand planter Volunteers - Urbana High students Mechanical tree planting

Protecting Young Seedlings Installing tree shelters Deer fencing Planting tree seedlings without deer protection is a recipe for failure in most areas of Maryland!

Tree Shelters Maintenance Source of Supply Tree shelters from older plantings can be used Older shelters may harm trees. Nets prevent bird entry.

Maintaining Plantation Three mowings per season is ideal with herbiciding of the tree rows. The cover crop is important. Dense enough to exclude weeds …but open enough to not harbor mice and voles. Planting seedlings in turf without killing the vegetation within 3 ft is a recipe for disaster! The Headless Mower

Voles are very destructive: Be proactive Vole damage on a sapling The meadow vole

Herbicides and Weeding Herbicide & mowing during the first few growing season to control competing vegetation. Mowing can help to reduce competition but fails to remove the competition from around the trees. If you are planting in turf killing the turf around the trees is essential for success.

Herbicide strips or circles around each tree Roundup is safe, available and commonly used. Other herbicides will kill vegetation for a long period of time.

Weedings Mowing Vine removal Invasive Species Control Managing this young stand might involve mowing the grasses

Control Invasive Species Before They Become Established!

As trees grow and crowns close let it go “wild” Be aware of county ordinances for ROW and weeds

Sources of Assistance & Materials (See information sheet) University of MD Extension Forest Stewardship Education website www.naturalresources.umd.edu MD DNR Forest Service state forester www.dnr.state.md.us Backyard Buffers – MD DNR Seedlings from John S. Ayton State Forest Nursery operated by MD DNR Forest Service Tree shelters – look online Forest herbicides – see info sheet