Multi-disciplinary experiments with hundred TW class Ti:Sa lasers Danilo Giulietti Physics Department of the University and INFN Pisa, Italy danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
SUMMARY * Laser Produced Plasma as a high brightness X-ray source * Laser Plasma Acceleration * LPP: secondary X-g ray sources Bremsstrahlung K-alpha Laser based syncrotron sources * LPP: energetic protons/ions * PLASMONX Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
LASER PRODUCED PLASMAS Plasma parameters depends on duration, wavelength and intensity of the laser pulse on the target PLASMA TRANSVERSE SIZE 10 µm to ≈ 1 mm EXPANSION VELOCITY ≈ 10 6 - 10 7 cm/s ELECTRON TEMPERATURE 100 eV to ≈1000 eV ELECTRON DENSITY up to 10 24 cm -3 ION TEMPERATURE ≤ T e ION DENSITY ≈ N TARGET LENS LASER Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
LASER-MATTER INTERACTION Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
THE SPECTRUM lines, bremsstrahlung and recombination Selecting target with suitable atomic number Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
Spectroscopy with high temporal resolution An X-ray streak-camera equipped with a crystal spectrometer enables temporal analysis of X-ray emission with picosecond resolution Streak-Camera 1 ns l Raw data at low sweep speed Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
SUMMARY * Laser Produced Plasma as a high brightness X-ray source * Laser Plasma Acceleration * LPP: secondary X-g ray sources Bremsstrahlung K-alpha Laser based syncrotron sources * LPP: energetic protons/ions * PLASMONX Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
High power Ti:Sa laser Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
WAVE WAKE
Kelvin wave wake Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
SURFER Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
Laser Plasma Acceleration Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
Why a plasma to accelerate electrons Why a plasma to accelerate electrons ? * no limits to the accelerating electric fields * electron plasma waves fit requirements for particle acceleration: - intense longitudinal electric fields - phase velocity very close to the speed of light c Why high intensity fs laser pulses ? * the ponderomotive force is proportional to - I * the plasma resonance can be excited at higher density Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
LASER WAKE FIELD second push first push vg LASER E.P.W.
ELECTRON ACCELERATION IN E.P.W. 1D MODEL
LASER PLASMA ACCELERATION Ne=1019cm-3 L=1mm T=20fs W=9µm I=1.5 1020W/cm2 Uel≈400MeV PIC simulation by Carlo Benedetti, INFN-BO
RF CAVITY versus ‘’PLASMA CAVITY’’ Courtesy of W. Mori & L. da Silva Plasma cavity 100 mm 1 m RF cavity Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
Angular distribution of accelerated electrons and a first estimation of their energy plasma 26 mm from the plasma D. Giulietti et al, POP, 9, 3655, 2002 Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
High energy electron spectrum D. Giulietti et al, POP, 9, 3655, 2002 Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
1GeV in 3.3 cm capillary 40 TW Ti:Sa laser focused on a Ti:Sa capillary 3.3 cm long, filled with Hydrogen. Electrical discharge produces a 1018 cm-3 plasma 2.5% energy spread of accelerated electron W.P. Leemans, S. Hooker et al Nature 2, 629, 2006 Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
SUMMARY * Laser Produced Plasma as a high brightness X-ray source * Laser Plasma Acceleration * LPP: secondary X-g ray sources K-alpha Bremsstrahlung Laser based syncrotron sources * LPP: energetic protons/ions * PLASMONX Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
Ka emission X-ray emission The basic mechanisms of K-alpha X-ray generation from ultrafast, intense laser interaction with solid targets. Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION An example: bromine and carbon 1 2 Br Difference in optical depth: Detection Limit: =1.310-7g/cm2 = (1506 10)cm2/g I/I = 10-4 C Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
SUMMARY * Laser Produced Plasma as a high brightness X-ray source * Laser Plasma Acceleration * LPP: secondary X-g ray sources K-alpha Bremsstrahlung Laser based syncrotron sources Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
UHI-10 CEA-Saclay: magnetic spectrometer A.Giulietti et al, PRL, 101,1050022008 Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
UHI-10 CEA-Saclay: electron energy-space distribution A.Giulietti et al, PRL, 2008 Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
Photonuclear activation of gold Tantalum The bremsstrahlung photons can induce nuclear reactions in the gold (197Au) sample. For the photon energy range of interest in the present experiment these are predominately single photo-neutron production reactions of the form 197Au(,n)196Au. A.Giulietti et al, PRL, 2008 Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
GOLD ACTIVATION Gamma ray spectrum measured after activation of the gold sample. The characteristic gamma lines associated with the decay of 196Au (at 333 and 355 keV) are clearly visible. A.Giulietti et al, PRL, 2008 Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
SUMMARY * Laser Produced Plasma as a high brightness X-ray source * Laser Plasma Acceleration * LPP: secondary X-g ray sources K-alpha Bremsstrahlung Laser based syncrotron sources * LPP: energetic protons/ions * PLASMONX Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
Applications : X rays source Laser based Synchrotron radiation Accélérateur E (GeV) lu ~ cm Laser onduleur Rayonnement X 100 m Ce qu'on fait peut se comparer directement a un synchrotron. Dans un synchrotron, on accelere des e- puis on les fait osciller dans un onduleur. ca fait des X. Ici, c'est pareil sauf qu'on peut faire des periodes tres courtes et se contenter d'e- de plus faible energie. On fait tout dans un plasma. Ce qui correspond a convertir un faisceau laser en un faisceau de RX et on peut multiplier la frequence par envirion 100000 ! 3 mm E (MeV) lu ~ 10-100 mm Courtesy V. Malka Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
A. Rousse et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 93, 135005(2004) Principles of the Betatron radiation Plasma accelerator Acceleration field ~ TeV / meter EL 200 MeV q = K/g r0 ~mm X-ray beam: 109 ph/shot 20 mrad femtosecond x Helium Plasma wiggler lu ~ 100 mm K ~ 20>1,wiggler lu ~ 100 mm Betatron oscillation K ~ gr0/lbet. Courtesy V. Malka A. Rousse et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 93, 135005(2004) Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
AOFEL CO2 envelope CO2 focus TiSa envelope e- beam plasma r m] TiSa envelope TiSa pulse e- beam plasma Lsat=10LG=1.3 mm (=0.002) Z [m] Courtesy L. Serafini
SUMMARY * Laser Produced Plasma as a high brightness X-ray source * Laser Plasma Acceleration * LPP: secondary X-g ray sources K-alpha Bremsstrahlung Laser based syncrotron sources * LPP: energetic protons/ions * PLASMONX Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
PROTON BEAMS IN LASER-MATTER INTERACTIONS After the production of the energetic electron beam, the Coulomb force accelerates protons and ions up to energies of 10-50 MeV Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
IOQ/Jena Experiment Electron acceleration in laser-solid interactions Target Narrow e-beam production Radiochromic film layers Laser Forward emitted charged Particles (electrons) Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
IOQ/Jena Experiment Proton radiography Target - 5 µm Fe + “rear-coating” Proton acceleration Radiochromic film layers Laser Forward emitted charged Particles (electrons and protons) Fine Grid Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
IOQ/Jena Experiment Proton radiography
Experimental set-up (RAL) Interaction chamber Target Mirror Off axis Parabola lactice detector lattice 10-4 mbar laser l=1,053 mm E≈100J in t ≈1ps IL~5x1019 Wcm-2 on the focus
Spectral distributions Typical anular structures 2.2x1011 n°prot.MeV-1 sr-1 E1 = 10.3 MeV E2 = 11.8 MeV E3 = 13.2 MeV E4 = 14.7 MeV E5 = 17.3 MeV E6 = 19.5 MeV E7 = 21.1 MeV E8 = 23 MeV Angular divergence decreases as proton energy increases.
SUMMARY * Laser Produced Plasma as a high brightness X-ray source * Laser Plasma Acceleration * LPP: secondary X-g ray sources K-alpha Bremsstrahlung Laser based syncrotron sources * LPP: energetic protons/ions * PLASMONX Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
PLAsma acceleration and MONochromatic X-ray production @ LNF-INFN Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
6J, 20fs, 10Hz 300 TW pulse 60 W average Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
LINAC layout Features: High brightnss e-beam Very low emittance 14.5 m 11º 10.0 m 5.4 m quadrupoles dipoles Diagnostic 1-6 Undulator modules Photoinjector solenoid RF sections RF deflector collimator 25º LINAC layout Features: High brightnss e-beam Very low emittance
PRE-FORMED CHANNEL A nanosecond pre-pulse (ASE of the Ti:Sapphire LASER) ionizes a gas-jet (He, Ar…) in the focal region. The pre-pulse self-focusing produces in the plasma a channel extending for several mm. Plasma channel ASE main pulse Gas-jet Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
LWFA acceleration of externally injected electrons in a gas-jet plasma Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
Table-top source of femtosecond X-rays 2J pulse He jet X-rays e- beam Gas-jet system Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
Tuneable X-ray radiation source based on Thomson Scattering Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
NON-LINEAR THOMSON SCATTERING About head-on photon-electron collision: electron energy 5 MeV (qe = 50 mrad, fe = p/2) flat-top laser pulse l = 1mm, a0=1.5, t = 20 fs Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
THOMSON BACK-SCATTERING e- (1 GeV); l0=1µm, E0=1.24 eV lT=6 x10-8µm, ET=20 MeV e- (200 MeV); l0=1µm, E0=1.24 eV lT=1.56 x10-6µm, ET=800 KeV Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
ELI Extreme Light Infrastructure ELI would be the first infrastructure dedicated to the fundamental study of laser-matter interaction in a new and unsurpassed regime of laser intensity: the ultra-relativistic regime (IL>1023 W/cm2). At its centre would be an exawatt-class laser ~1000 times more powerful than either the Laser Mégajoule in France or the National Ignition Facility (NIF) in the US. In contrast to these projects, ELI would attain its extreme power from the shortness of its pulses (femtosecond and attosecond). The infrastructure would serve to investigate a new generation of compact accelerators delivering energetic particle and radiation beams of femtosecond (10-15s) to attosecond (10-18s) duration. Relativistic compression offers the potential of intensities exceeding IL>1025 W/cm², which would challenge the vacuum critical field as well as provide a new avenue to ultrafast attosecond to zeptosecond (10-21s) studies of laser-matter interaction. ELI would afford wide benefits to society ranging from improvement of oncology treatment, medical imaging, fast electronics and our understanding of aging nuclear reactor materials to development of new methods of nuclear waste processing. Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
Project leader Steering committee Project manager SAFETY BUILDING G. Mourou Steering committee Project manager J.P. Chambaret + System Engineer SAFETY Safety Manager BUILDING Laser system P. Georges S. Karsch Attosecond Science G. Tsakiris, D Charalambidis P. Audebert Laser plasma accelerator D. Giulietti V. Malka Ultrafast X-ray radiation beams A. Rousse B. Rus High field Science D. Habs D. Bernard OPCPA TiSa:ampli Diode pumping Coherent beam combining Adaptative optic Attosecond to zeptosecond Physics Ultra relativisitc optics Beam lines Ultra relativistic plasma Electron beam Proton beam Ions beam Muons beam Beam lines Coherent (X,)-rays (FEL, HHG & plasma) Incoherent (X,)-ray beams (synchrotron-like, atomic) Beam lines NLQED Fundamendal physics Exotic physics Nuclear Physics Probe ultrafast dynamics, image with high resolution (nano/bulk) & create new states of matter 1. (X,)-ray imaging 2. Ultrafast diffraction 3. Ultrafast absorption 4. Intense x-ray excitation Proposed Applications Probe ultrafast dynamics (atom, molecule and plasma) Ultra Non Linear X-UV phenomena Electron dynamics Gamma imaging Radiotherapy Test and Calibration Probing plasmas Polarised beam High energy physics … Transmutation induced by laser
HiPER HiPER is a proposed European High Power laser Energy Research facility dedicated to demonstrating the feasibility of laser driven fusion as a future energy source. HiPER is being designed to enable a broad array of new science including extreme material studies, astrophysics in the laboratory, miniaturised particle accelerators and a wide range of fundamental physics research. Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
CONCLUSIONS Table-top hundred TW class Ti:Sapphire lasers: unique opportunity for Particle acceleration High brightness sources of electrons, protons, ions, X & g-rays, neutrons, … Applications in HEP, medicine, material science, astrophysics … Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
Physics Department of the University and INFN, Pisa, Italy Danilo Giulietti Physics Department of the University and INFN, Pisa, Italy danilo.giulietti@pi.infn.it Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
INFN: the involved groups INFN-PISA INFN-LNF INFN-MILANO INFN-MILANO B. UNIV. ROMA1 Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
ICF Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it
FAST IGNITION Compton Sources ... Alghero, 7-12 Sept. 08 danilo.giulietti@df.unipi.it