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Plant Characteristics

Deciduous – Plants that drop all of their leaves during one part of the year, usually winter. Evergreen – Plants that have foliage on their branches all year. Semi-Deciduous – Lose most or all leaves, but may keep some under dormant season. Depends upon climate.

Leaves and Leaf Surfaces Leaves play an important role in plant identification. Form and appearance separates species.

Leaf Arrangement Alternate – Leaves are single at each node. Example: Oak Tree Opposite – Two leaves at each node, and are across the stem from each other. Example: Maple

Whorled – Three or more leaves arranged in a circle around a stem. Basal – Leaves arising from the base of the plant. Example: Agapanthus

Conifers Scales are flat, sessile leaves, usually minute, which overlap each other. Usually remain on the plant for several seasons. Needles are long narrow, flattened, leaves which end in a sharp point. Fascicles are close bundles or clusters of needles.

Broadleaf Plants Simple leaves are of one continuous leaf surface and are composed of the following parts: Blade – the broad, flat part of the leaf. Midrib – the large central vein running down the center. Veins – the network of vascular tissue providing support and transport. Petiole – the stalk to a leaf blade or to a compound leaf. Stipule – usually fleshy appendage at the base of the petiole or leaf.

Compound Leaves Compound leaves are composed of many smaller leaflets and have the following parts: Rachis – the central elongated axis to a compound leaf which is roughly comparable to the midrib of a leaf blade. Petiolules – the stalk attaching the leaflet to the rachis.

Leaf Venation The way leaf veins are arranged within the blade helps to identify the plant it is from. Parallel Veins running along side of each other. Palmate Veins attached at one place at the base. Pinnate Veins arise from two opposite sides of the midrib. Netted Fine veins joining together in a pattern.

Leaf Surfaces Glabrous – no hairs present; smooth. Glaucous – covered with a whitish or bluish wax that rubs off. Viscid – sticky or gummy to the touch. Pubescent – hairy surface.

Check for Understanding Why are leaves important? Explain the difference between deciduous and evergreen plants. Do simple leaves belong to conifers or broadleaf plants?

Stems and Roots Stems of plants serve as important storage and support functions in addition to the primary purpose of transporting water, nutrients, and photosynthesis.

Parts of the Stem Node – place on the stem where leaves originate. Internode – the part of a stem between two nodes. Terminal Bud – the vegetative growth bud at the tip of a stem. Axillary Bud – the bud at the node. Leaf Scar – the mark or impression left on the stem by a petiole after the leaf drops. Lenticel – opening made up of loosely arranged cells allowing respiration.

Herbaceous – Soft, non-woody stem; leaf- like in color and texture. Woody – Developing a stiff, relatively brittle layer of xylem over time; wood-like in texture and appearance.

Stem Modifications Above Ground Stolon: A trailing shoot, often rooting at the nodes. (Bermuda grass) Runner: A very slender, stolon-like stem rooting at the apex. (Strawberries)

Below Ground Tuber: a thickened, short stem having numerous buds called eyes. Example – potato Corm: a thickened, vertical, solid underground stem. Rhizome: an elongated stem growing partly or completely beneath the ground. Bulb: a very short stem from which fleshy leaves develop.

Roots Tuberous: an enlarged, fleshy, underground root. Taproot: the primary root continuing the axis of the plant downward. Examples – radish or beet Fibrous: root systems characterized by numerous fine roots, lacking a central tap root. Adventitious: a root which appears where roots don’t normally develop, such as from a leaf or stem. Often used by plants to provide support. Aerial: a root above ground. Used for support and moisture.

Check for Understanding Explain the difference between herbaceous and woody plants. Name two stems that are below ground.

Fruits and Flowers

Characteristics of Fruits The fruit is the matured ovary plus the associated parts of sexual reproduction. Two major types of fruit: Seed-bearing Without seed

Simple Fruits Fleshy fruits that develop into soft tissue: Berry: a pulpy fruit, with few to many seeds. Examples: grapes, tomatoes, papayas. Hesperidium: a leathery rind with inner pulp composed of juice sacks. Example: citrus. Pepo: a fruit bearing many seeds. Usually thick with a hard rind. Examples: melons and zucchini.

Dry fleshy fruits: Drupe: common fruit such as peaches, cherries, almonds, olives, prunes. Pome: a fruit that develops a fleshy portion such as apples and pears.

Dry fruits: Dehiscent: fruits which split open at maturity to expose seeds. Indehiscent: fruits that do not split open. The seed must break through to germinate.

Compound Fruits Aggregate fruits: develop from many ovaries on a single flower. Example: raspberry and blackberry. Multiple fruits: develop from several to many separate flowers fused into a single structure. Example: figs

Accessory Fruit Fruits which develop from parts other than the ovary. Example: strawberry

Check for Understanding What is a fruit? What are the three groups of fruits?

Basic Flower Parts Pistil: the plant’s female organ, made of three parts: Ovary Bears the female gametes, the ovules. Style Connects the ovary and stigma, acts as a conduit for sperm. Stigma Receives pollen grains during fertilization.

Stamen: the plant’s male organ, made up of two parts: Anther Bears pollen grains and the male gametes, or sperm. Filament Supports the anther.

Petal: Often colorful or fragrant structure which attracts insects and other pollinators to the flower. Sepal: Protects the flower during development and unfolds at bloom. Calyx is the term applied to all of a flower’s sepals together.

Associated Flower Parts Receptacle Serves to seat or join the four basic parts. Peduncle The stalk to an inflorescence or solitary flower. Pedicel The stalk to an individual flower within an inflorescence. Bract A reduced or modified leaf near a flower or inflorescence. Involucre A whorl of united bracts or leaves associated with a flower. Spur An elongated structure containing nectar.

Types of Flowers Complete – flowers which possess all four basic flower parts. Incomplete – missing one or more of the four basic flower parts. Perfect – flowers which have both male and female organs.

Imperfect – flowers bearing only one sexual organ. Monoecious – plants on which both male and female flowers are born. Dioecious – plants which carry only one of either male or female flowers.

Inflorescences The unique arrangements of flowers in relation to one another on a plant. Terminal: an inflorescence which occurs only at the tip of the stem. Axillary: inflorescence which occur at the node or axil of a stem. Solitary: an inflorescence where the flower occurs singly. Compound: inflorescences occur in clusters.

Check for Understanding How many parts is the pistil made of? What is a stamen? Explain inflorescences.