Personality and Values Modified by Shahbaz Khan

Personality Personality:(Shaksiat) Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.

Personality Personality Traits Personality traits reflect people’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors permanent characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior. http://liveboldandbloom.com/02/self-awareness-2/list-of-personality-traits Measuring Personality: Through Personality tests

Myers-Briggs Type Indicators Is the most widely used personality assessment instrument in the world. 100 question personality test that ask people how they act in particular situations. He described following personalities types Apple, At&T, Google etc all use this test

Myers-Briggs Type Indicators The Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment is a psychometric questionnaire designed to measure psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types. Individuals are classified as follow Extraverted: individuals are outgoing , social, and self-confident Introverted: are quite and shy Sensing: they are practical and prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitive: they rely on unconscious processes and look at a big picture. Good intuition comes from years of knowledge and experience that allows you to understand how people and the world works http://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/the-16-mbti-types.htm

Myers-Briggs Type Indicators Thinking: they use reasons and logics to handle problems Feeling: they rely on personal values and emotions Judging: they want control and prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving: they are flexible and spontaneous https://www.16personalities.com/free-personality-test

Myers-Briggs Type Indicators When four of these characteristics are combined it builds a new personality. As a whole there are 16 personality types. for example ( INTJs Introverted. intuitive., thinking and judging people are visionaries. They have original minds and great drive of ideas)

The Big Five Personality Model It is a personality assessment model that taps five basic dimensions(scope). Extraversion:  It indicates how outgoing and social a person is. Example When an extravert is in a group, he or she meets and greets everyone with enthusiasm, not reserve or fear. high extraverts (social, outgoing and self-confident) low extraverts/ Introverts (reserved, coward, quite) Agreeableness: Agreeable individuals value getting along with others. They are friendly, generous, helpful, and willing to compromise their interests with others'. Agreeable people also have an optimistic view of human nature Page 138

The Big Five Personality Model Conscientiousness: Conscientiousness describes how organized and disciplined a person is and also how careful they are in certain situations. These people are efficient and organized as opposed to easy-going and disorderly. Highly Conscientiousness (Responsible, Dependable, Persistent and Organized) Low Conscientiousness (easily distracted, disorganized and unreliable) Emotional Stability: It refers to a person's ability to remain calm when faced with pressure or stress. Positive Emotional Stability (calm, self-confident and secure) Negative Emotional Stability (nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure) Sales Manager of Hertz always shouting

The Big Five Personality Model Openness to Experience: People who like to learn new things and enjoy new experiences usually score high in openness. Extremely Open (creative, curious, artistically sensitive) Less Open (conventional and find comfort with similarities). Example-I have an excellent idea, My son always trying new things technically Page 143 Case Study

Other Personality traits(special qualities) relevant to OB Core Self-Evaluation: The degree to which people like or dislike themselves, whether the person sees himself as capable and effective, and whether the person feels himself in control of the environment. Example Salesman, Customer service etc Positive self-evaluation leads to higher job performance and job satisfaction. Machiavellianism: personality trait which sees a person so focused on their own interests they will manipulate, deceive, and exploit others to achieve their goals. High Mach manipulate more, win more, and persuade less and persuade others more , they like their job less and involve in deviant work place behavior.

Other Personality traits relevant to OB Narcissism: The term is from the Greek myth Narcissus, a man so vain and proud he fell in love with his own image. The person has a high-flying sense of self importance, require self admiration, has a sense of entitlement and is arrogant Rated as worse in leadership by their supervisors. They are selfish and believe that other exist for their benefit. Self Praise, blame others, take credit for every success

Other Personality traits relevant to OB Self- Monitoring: The ability of a person to adjust his or her behavior to external situational factors. High self-monitor show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior, they are highly sensitive to external cues, high self monitor are capable to present contradicting behavior between their public persona and their private self. Late sitting culture of UET

Other Personality traits relevant to OB Risk-Taking: The ability of a person to take risk while decision making. High risk-taking managers take rapid decisions and use less information than did the Low risk-taking managers. Case Study Page 157

Other Personality traits relevant to OB Type A Personalities: Aggressive involvement in a chronic [constant], incessant[un interrupted] struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time and, if requires against the opposing efforts of other things or other people. Characteristics: Always moving, walking and eating rapidly Feel impatient Think or do two or more things at once Cannot cope with leisure time Are obsessed with numbers, always calculate their success in terms of how many and how much. They operate under high level of stress

Other Personality traits relevant to OB Type B personalities: Rarely harried by the desire to obtain a wildly increasing number of things. They never suffer from the sense of urgency or impatience Can relax without guilt and so on Type A have more chances to get hired during interviews.

Other Personality traits relevant to OB proactive personality: People who identify opportunities, show initiative, take actions, and persist until meaningful change occurs. They create positive change in their environment even in spite of obstacles. They are more likely to seen as leaders They achieve more career success than others.

Values Important and lasting beliefs or ideals shared by the members of a culture about what is good or bad and desirable or undesirable. Values have major influence on a person's behavior and attitude and serve as broad guidelines in all situations. Attributes of values: content: (mode of conduct and end state of existence is important) Intensity: (how important this mode of conduct and end state of existence is?) Value System: is a hierarchy of individual values based on their importance.

The importance of values Values influence attitudes and behavior Suppose you enter an organization with the view that allocating pay on the basis of performance is right, while allocating pay on the basis of seniority is wrong. How will you react if you find the organization you’ve just joined rewards seniority and not performance? You’re likely to be disappointed—and this can lead to job dissatisfaction and a decision not to exert a high level of effort because “It’s probably not going to lead to more money anyway.” Would your attitudes and behavior be different if your values aligned with the organization’s pay policies? Most likely

Classification of values The Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) is a classification system of values. Developed by social psychologist Milton Rokeach, the system consists of two sets of values, 18 individual value items in each. One set is called terminal values the other instrumental values

Classification of values Rokeach Value Survey Terminal Values: signify the objectives of the life of a person – the ultimate things the person wants to achieve through his or her behaviour (the destination he wants to reach in life) – I want to be a Doctor only Instrumental Values: indicate the methods an individual would like to adopt for achieving his life’s aim (the path he would like to take to reach his destination) http://drcraigloving.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rokeach_value_survey.pdf

Impact of individual personality and values on workplace Person-Job Fit: the theory argues that satisfaction is highest and turnover is low when personality and occupation are in agreement. Person-Organization Fit: It argues that people are attracted to and selected by organizations that match their values, and they leave organizations that are not compatible with their personalities.